Objectives:Losing an only child is a life-altering event that destroys Chinese women's lives and health in several dimensions.However,there is no unified theory exists to guide nursing practice.This study aimed to discover the substantive theory of how Chinese women live with the loss of their only child.Methods:This qualitative study used the grounded theory method.Purposive sampling,snowball sampling,and theoretical sampling were used to recruit participants.Saturated data from the in-depth interview,observation,and field notes with 13 Chinese women who have lost an only child in Southwest China were analyzed using the constant comparative method concurrently supplemented by the ATLAS.ti program,memo writing,and diagramming.Findings:Struggling to live a new normal life among Chinese women after losing an only child emerged as the substantive theory.It consists of three phases:living in agony,coming to terms,being alive in a new way.Receiving support motivated them to deal with such a loss.However,it brought them back to the previous phase(s)whenever they encountered adverse triggering situations.Therefore,they moved back and forth between these phases.The findings also illustrated that this process was profoundly affected by Chinese culture and personal beliefs.Conclusions:This substantive theory may guide nursing practice based on understanding the living process by working through the three phases.It would help develop a professional care plan recognizing individual diversity and incorporating socio-cultural and religious knowledge to effectively support women to deal with the loss of an only child.