Abstract At present， the grape and cherry industries in Shandong are in the leading position in China and have driven the development of related high-end manufacturing industries such as wine， brandy， preserved fruit processing， fruit juice processing and health products. Therefore， vigorously developing the grape and cherry industries in Shandong Province and carrying out development and innovation are important parts of Shandong Province in responding to the strategy of national new and old kinetic energy conversion. However， currently the germplasm resources preserved in the fruit tree resources banks in China are only 45% of those in the US and 27.2% of those in the EU. Moreover， the development of fruit trees resources banks in Shandong is relatively backward in China， and there is still no banks related with grape and cherry germplasm resources in Shandong. Therefore， importance can be attached to the agriculture， forestry， and animal husbandry to build germplasm resources banks for grape and cherry industries in Shandong Province. Building the national-level grape and cherry germplasm resources bank in Shandong Province can also promote the utilization of wild and farm germplasm resources in the future； advance the research on the genes related to disease resistance， stress resistance and quality of grapes and cherries； push forward the construction and development of cherry and grape mutants banks. It is conducive to the research on the agronomic traits of grapes and cherries， and can provide the parents resources for planting innovation and improving the quality of grapes and cherries， as well as promote the development and application of molecular markers of grapes and cherries， including the identification of lines and crossbreeding. Thereby， it cannot only promote the industry development， but also achieve the development of cultivation， breeding and basic research in an all-round way and the development of "production， study and research" going side by side.
　　Key words New and old kinetic energy conversion； Middle-income trap； Grape； Cherry； Germplasm resources bank
　　Received： November 11， 2017Accepted： March 10， 2018
　　supported by the Agricultural scientific and technological innovation project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences （CXGC2016D01）， Agricultural scientific and technological innovation project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences-cultivating project for National Natural Science Foundation of China in 2018 "identification and function research of Vitis vinifera and Vitis amurensis cold stress response-related microRNAs"， Major Agricultural Application Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Province "Research and Application of Precision Control of Maturation and Product Innovation of Featured Brewing Grape" ， Major Agricultural Application Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Province "Development of Landmark Wines and Integrated Application of Key Technologies in Shandong Province" and Fruit innovation team of modern agricultural industry technology system in Shandong Province-Jinan comprehensive test station （SDAIT-06-21）. 　　Pengfei WANG （1986-）， male， P. R. China， senior agronomist， Ph.D.， devoted to research about molecular breeding of grape， E-mail： [email protected].
　　*Corresponding author.
　　Wanjun CHEN （1961-）， male， P. R. China， senior engineer， devoted to research about grape cultivation， E-mail： [email protected].
　　Liying YANG （1969-）， female， P. R. China， agronomist， devoted to research about grape cultivation， E-mail： [email protected]
　　The middle income trap is a theorized economic development situation， where a country attains the middle-income stage （with per capita gross national product of about $ 3 000）. There are 2 possible outcomes： first， the sustainable development makes the country gradually become a developed country； second， the appearance of problems such as the disparity between the rich and the poor， the deterioration of the environment and even social unrest results in the stagnant economic development. The latter outcome is called a middle income trap. The main reason for the "middle-income trap" is that the transformation of the low-end manufacturing industry has failed. The low-end manufacturing industry can bring about middle-income. However， the accompanying pollution， low quality and low price are vicious cycles. The transformation from low-end manufacturing to high-end manufacturing completely relies on high-tech solutions， and high-tech cannot catch up in decades[1]. At present， China is facing such bottleneck. Industrial and agricultural development and innovation are necessary in many aspects.
　　At present， the development strategy of "new and old kinetic energy conversion" proposed by the government of China is related to avoiding the development of falling into the "middle-income trap" and the restructuring of the economy. The new kinetic energy covers the first， second and third industries. The key is to take technological innovation as the lead with new technologies， new industries， new formats and new models as the core， and new production factors such as knowledge， technology， information and data as the support. It reflects the development trend of new productivity， and it is the powerful impetus for the development and upgrading of the real economy. On the other hand， the agricultural development and innovation is also the most important part in the new and old kinetic energy conversion， as well as an important stage for technological innovation during the transformation stage.
　　Currently， the grape and cherry industries in Shandong are in a leading position in China and have driven the development of high-end manufacturing industries such as wine， brandy， preserved fruit processing， fruit juice processing and health products. Therefore， vigorously developing the grape and cherry industries in Shandong Province and carrying out development and innovation are important parts of Shandong Province in responding to the strategy of national new and old kinetic energy conversion. However， currently the germplasm resources preserved in the fruit tree resources banks in China are only 45% of those in the US and 27.2% of those in the EU. Moreover， the development of fruit trees resources banks in Shandong is relatively backward in China， and there is still no banks related with grape and cherry germplasm resources in Shandong. The backward situation requires development and innovation， and it needs to build the germplasm resources banks for the development. Therefore， the development of grape and cherry germplasm resources banks in Shandong Province is extremely urgent. 　　Current Development Status of Grape and Cherry Industry
　　In 2015， the total area of viticulture was 779 000 hm2 in China， ranking the second in the world； the output of grapes reached 13 669 000 t， ranking the first in the world； the cultivated area and yield of grapes ranked the fifth among the fruits in China. Shandong Province is one of the major grape producing areas in China， where the grape growing area in the province is about 43 300 hm2， ranking the third in China， and the profits and taxes of Shandong wine account for 55% and 62% of the national total respectively， occupying a leading position in China. Grapes are planted in various cities in Shandong， and there have formed 2 centralized zones of peninsula wine grape producing area centered with Yantai and fresh grape producing area centered with Tai-yi Mountains in central-south Shandong. In recent years， due to the high efficiency and rapid development， grapes have become the agricultural pillar industries in many towns and townships[2]. Cherry is a common fruit tree species throughout the world. There are sweet cherries and sour cherries in world trade， and the major cultivated species in China are sweet cherry and Chinese cherry. According to the data of FAO and the estimation of Cherry Branch of the Chinese Society of Horticulture， China has a cherry cultivated area of about 180 000 hm2 with the yield of about 1.1 million tons of cherries. China ranks first in the world in terms of cultivation area， output and imports of cherries[3]. Among them， the cultivated area in Shandong Province is about 667 000 hm2 and the output is 500 000 t， ranking the first in both area and output in China. Cherries are mainly planted in mountainous areas of Tai-yi Mountains and Shandong Peninsula. However， there is basically no development of sour cherries in China at present， and the yield of sweet cherry is low， which is mainly because of the lack of excellent resources. At present， there is still no standard and systematic collection and preservation of cherry resources in China.
　　Fruit Germplasm Resources Protection and Development Situation and Demand Status
　　Building the fruit tree germplasm preservation bank or protection center is a common practice in all countries in the world. It is to establish and set up an effective resources protection and collection and preservation system according to the types of fruit trees and suitable climatic and ecological conditions so as to facilitate the effective protection and utilization of fruit tree resources. China has built a long-term library and a duplicate library of national crop germplasm resources， 10 medium-term libraries and 43 national-level germplasm resources banks， with nearly 500 000 crop germplasm resources preserved， second only to the United States in number and ranking second in the world. However， the preserved germplasm resources in the fruit tree banks of China are only 45% of those of the US （excluding the repeated statistics of germplasm quantity， the actual share is much lower）， and are only 27.2% of those of the EU. Developed countries in foreign countries are based on their strong advantages in the collection and innovation of fruit germplasm resources and have been leading the way in terms of the quality and quality of germplasm innovation. In 1990-1996， 230 new peach varieties applied for patents in the US， 88 in Italy， while only 34 in China[4]. At present， the total collected and preserved varieties of the 16 fruit tree germplasm resources banks is about 15 000， in which there are 306 grape varieties collected in Shandong Academy of Grape， 317 cherry varieties collected in Shandong Institute of Pomology， 620 hawthorn varieties collected in Shenyang Agricultural University and Gongzhuling City of Jilin Province， 920 apple varieties and 951 pear varieties collected in Xingcheng Apple Garden in Liaoning Province， 579 jujube varieties collected in Taigu Jujube Garden in Shanxi， 925 grape varieties collected in the grape gardens in Taigu and Zhengzhou， 1 663 peach varieties collected in 3 peach gardens in Beijing， Nanjing and Zhengzhou， 717 plum varieties and 868 apricot varieties collected in the plum and apricot garden in Xiongyue of Liaoning， 349 walnut varieties collected in Tai’an of Shandong， 1 088 cold-resistant fruit tree species collected and preserved in Gongzhuling Fruit Tree Resources Garden in Cold Regions of Jilin， over 650 wild， semi-cultivated， cultivated featured fruit tree species of apple， apricot， plum， pear， peach and almond collected and preserved in Luntai Fruit Tree Garden of Xinjiang. The number and diversity of plum and apricot resources preserved in the plum and apricot garden in Xiongyue ranks first in the world， and the grape germplasm resources preserved in Zuojia of Jilin ranks the first in the world. In China， the fruit tree resources research institutes have identified the agronomic traits， quality traits and resistance traits of more than 4 000 varieties of apple， pear， plum， apricot， jujube， peach， hawthorn， grape and walnut， and screened nearly 1 000 available excellent germplasm resources. 　　Collection， Preservation， Identification and Evaluation of Grape and Cherry Germplasm Resources
　　At present， the identification and evaluation of grapes and cherry germplasm resources mainly focuses on the botanic， agronomic and physiologic traits or the diversity identification through molecular markers in field or laboratory， which has low identification efficiency， accuracy， precision and stability. With the progress of science and technology， it is possible to further develop high-throughput， rapid and accurate evaluation. In recent years， the rapid development of non-destructive identification technology， physical property evaluation technology， electronic nose quality evaluation technology， high-throughput genotyping technology， large-scale correlation analysis technology， molecular marker development and design breeding technology will also be the most important fields for the exploitation， utilization and innovation of future resources. Over the past 10 years， Shandong Academy of Grape and Shandong Institute of Pomology have provided thousands of germplasm resources to various scientific research， teaching and production units across China. However， on the whole， the utilization rate of resources is not high， only about 40%. There is still much gap between the utilization frequency， quantity and service and the needs for scientific research， industry development， and there is still much room for further development and potential for further exploitation.
　　Agricultural Biotechnology2018
　　Background of the Construction of National-Level Grape and Cherry Resources Bank
　　Germplasm resources bank is an important way to preserve germplasm resources， and an important part to build a new improved variety breeding system. Many countries and international organizations in the world are building germplasm resources centers to conserve germplasm resources， and China government has also set up special funds to carry out germplasm resources preservation. As carriers of genes， crop germplasm resources are the material basis for breeding fine crop varieties， developing biotechnology and promoting agricultural production. The collection， preservation， evaluation and utilization of crop germplasm resources are important material bases for the development of modern agricultural production and the survival of mankind. China is a big country for agricultural production and a big country for seeds consumption. In China， crop seed industry is the strategic and fundamental core industry， and the foundation for promoting the long-term stable development of agriculture and ensuring national food security. In order to enhance the level of innovation in agricultural science and technology， enhance the competitiveness of crop seed industry and meet the needs of building modern agriculture， Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Modern Crop Seed Industry of the State Council of China （Guofa[2011]8） proposed to strengthen the fundamental welfare research on crop seed industry， and suggested the national and provincial research institutes and universities should focus on the improvement and creation of collection， protection， identification and breeding of germplasm resources. 　　Shandong Province is one of the main producing areas of grape in China. Grapes are planted throughout the whole province， and there are a wide range of cultivated varieties. However， the selection of grape varieties is lack of zoning guidance， and the utilization rate of grape germplasm resources is too low， which is characterized by the insufficient utilization of specific resistant resources， and the lack of collection and protection of wild grape germplasm resources， local varieties and farm varieties. Therefore， it is imperative to establish a national-level grape germplasm resources bank to carry out the preservation， identification and evaluation of germplasm resources， especially to strengthen the welfare research on collection， preservation， identification and evaluation of wild resources and specific resistant germplasm resources to further improve the utilization efficiency of grape germplasm resources. As for the layout of the existing national-level grape germplasm resources banks， the 3 resources banks are located in Henan， Shanxi and Jilin， respectively， all of which were build in the 1970s and 1980s. On the other hand， Shandong is the province which started the scaled grape production the earliest in China， and it is also the major grape producing province located in the east with developed economy， so it is necessary to build a national-level grape germplasm resources bank in Shandong.
　　Necessity of Building National-Level Grape and Cherry Resources Bank
　　The genetic diversity of existing germplasm resources urgently need to be protected
　　With the development of society and the development and production of agriculture and industry， the growth environment of crop varieties in China is inevitably affected by industrial pollution， deforestation， over-limit picking and blind reclamation. As a result， the number of closely related plants and rare species in crops has dropped sharply or disappear. Variety resources are the resources repository for variety breeding and improvement. The disappearance of variety resources means that many excellent genes that have evolved and accumulated over millions of years will lose forever. In addition， the genetic basis of crop varieties is becoming narrower and gradually become the bottleneck restricting the breeding of excellent new varieties. Since the mid-1980s， the breeding of new varieties has entered a difficult "climbing" stage in China and even the whole world. The stagnated crop output makes it hard to make breakthrough in quality because of the narrow genetic basis of the parent materials. Due to the continuous orientation selection， the genetic differences among breeds within existing breeds are getting smaller and smaller， which may ultimately result in limit selection or even breeding failure. Therefore， it has become the material basis for cultivating new varieties with high quality and stress resistance to collect and preserve the various wild， semi-wild and artificially-selected varieties or some local varieties which may have defects in quality but have some features. It is also the requirements to protect the genetic diversity of germplasm resources. 　　The collection and preservation of grape， cherry and other resources urgently need to be strengthened
　　With the intensification of collecting， investigating and introducing fruit tree germplasm resources in China， there is much room for the collection of germplasm resources such as grapes and cherries. First of all， China is extremely abundant in wild resources with over 1 280 species. However， there are only 400 species preserved in the resource bank. The understanding of most wild fruit trees is limited to the concept of botanical species， and the understanding about the intraspecific genetic diversity of 30 grape species is partial. There are about 120 cherry species of in the world， and only about 48 species are recorded in the Chinese Botanical Records. There are only about a dozen of cultivated species preserved in scientific research units， which are in urgent need of further collection and preservation. Therefore， there is a lot to do for the collection and preservation of wild species and intraspecific genetic diversity， which is an important target for the future preservation of germplasm resources. Secondly， large-scale resource census has not been carried out in China and the collection of local or farmer varieties is not enough. With the development of industries， there will be more and more new varieties， so the collection of local varieties is one of the key tasks for the next 10 years. Thirdly， there are nearly 2 800 species of fruit trees and their wild relatives in the world. There are more than 1 000 species collected and preserved in the US， with more than 40 000 varieties， 80% of which come from abroad. On the other hand， only 20% of the 15 000 germplasm resources collected in China come from abroad. At present， only the botany species of wild grape resources originated from abroad are collected， and the collection of cherry germplasm resources has not been systematically carried out. Fourthly， with the acceleration of the cultivation of new breeds in China， a large number of new hybrids with high heterogeneity will need to be preserved in the bank and the old varieties that are partially eliminated will also need to be preserved in the bank[5].
　　The scale of existing resources urgently needs to be enlarged
　　Grapes and cherries， as the main resources of vegetative reproduction， require not only time but also enough land for planting and place for in vitro conservation to continue the regeneration. At present， the grape and cherry germplasm resources that have been preserved in the bank have been overloaded. The newly collected resources can not be preserved in the bank but can only be planted in the temporary garden. In addition， the existing grape and cherry germplasm resources are not standardized preserved， to a certain extent， affecting the accuracy of evaluation. The basic technical conditions of the existing resource bank are not mature enough. There are no solar greenhouse and net room for isolation and preservation of germplasm resources， lack of internet of things and micro-environment monitoring equipment， and no accurate identification equipment and so on. It is urgent to expand the scale of resource preservation banks to narrow the gap with the world’s advanced resources banks， realize the sustainable preservation of grape and cherry germplasm resources and enhance the international competitiveness of crop cultivation in China， so as to provide essential infrastructure conditions for the collection of rape and cherry resources at home and abroad. 　　Prospect for Application of National-Level Grape and Cherry Resources Bank
　　Building the national-level grape and cherry germplasm resources bank in Shandong Province can also promote the utilization of wild and farm germplasm resources in the future； advance the research on the genes related to disease resistance， stress resistance and quality of grapes and cherries； push forward the construction and development of cherry and grape mutants banks. It is conducive to the research on the agronomic traits of grapes and cherries， and can provide the parents resources for planting innovation and improving the quality of grapes and cherries， as well as promote the development and application of molecular markers of grapes and cherries， including the identification of lines and crossbreeding. Thereby， it cannot only promote the industry development， but also achieve the development of cultivation， breeding and basic research in an all-round way and the development of "production， study and research" going side by side.
　　So far， under the leadership of the state and local governments in China， a number of related units in Shandong Province are making unrelenting efforts to apply for and build the national-level grape and cherry germplasm resources bank in Shandong Province.
　　References
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