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The purpose of this study was to examine the direct toxidty of PM2.5 collected from Beijing on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC).A Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) assay demonstrated that PM2.5 exposure decreased the proliferation of HUVECs in a dosedependent manner.We also found that PM2.5 exposure induced autophagy in HUVECs,as evidenced by:(1) an increased number of double-membrane vesicles;(2) enhanced conversion and punctuation of the microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3);and (3) decreased levels of the selective autophagy substrate p62 in a time-dependent manner.Furthermore,promoting autophagy in PM2.5-exposed HUVECs with rapamycin increased the cell survival rate,whereas inhibiting autophagy via 3-methyladenine significantly decreased cell survival.These results demonstrate that PM2.5 exposure can induce cytotoxicity and autophagy in HUVECs and that autophagy play a protective role against PM2.5-induced cytotoxicity.The findings of the present study imply a direct toxic effect of PM2.5 on HUVECs and provide novel insight into the mechanism of cardiovascular diseases caused by PM2.5 exposure.