As of now,over 100 million chemical species,phases,compounds and materials have been created,covering virtually all elements in the periodic table.They exist in forms of multilevel structured condensed matters,ranging from solid-,quasi solid-,amorphous,mesh (e.g.nano-and clustered) to rubbery,melting,liquid and gaseous matters.These matters each have their distinct characteristics and functionality,serving as the main bodies of all chemical reactions.Their chemical property as well as reaction conditions,processes and products should be totally determined by their compositions and multilevel structures.Take the solid-state matter,for example.It is their chemical bonds,crystal structures and different types of defects,band structures,impurities,symbiotic phases,interfaces,as well as sizes and distributions of particles that together determine their fundamental chemical properties and reactions.