1874年,一群流亡伦敦的布朗基主义者在一篇遭到恩格斯尖锐批判的宣言中认为,“革命完全不是自行成熟的,而是制造出来的,是由为数不多的一批人制造出来的”②。罗莎.卢森堡1906年写的小册子《群众罢工、党和工会》可说是恩格斯之后对这一布朗基主义观点的最重要反驳。卢森堡在书中对主流马克思主义者和无政府主义者都进行了尖锐批评,因为在他们看来,群众罢工“仅仅是斗争的一种技术手段而已,可以随心所 In a proclamation sharply criticized by Engels in 1874, a group of Brownies in exile in London considered that ”revolution is not made at all by itself, but it is made out of a handful of people “②. Rosa Luxemburg’s brochure ”Mass Strikes, Parties and Trade Unions,“ written in 1906, is arguably the most important refutation of this Brownianist view after Engels. In the book, both the mainstream Marxists and the anarchists are sharply criticized in the book because in their view the mass strike ”is only a technical measure of the struggle,