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湿地生态水权是分配给湿地生态系统使用水资源的权利。明确湿地生态水权对于建立湿地补水机制具有重要意义。进行湿地生态水权分析时,应遵循以下原则:①基本生活用水保障原则;②生产与生态、上游与下游统筹协调原则;③尊重现状用水原则;④合理用水原则。以此为基础,提出了湿地生态水权的计算方法,并选取白洋淀湿地进行了实例分析。结果显示,白洋淀湿地50%保证率的年生态水权量为13130×104m3,大于湿地适宜生态需水量;75%保证率的年生态水权量为8585×104m3,大于湿地最小生态需水量;而95%保证率的年生态水权量只有3891×104m3,远小于其最小生态需水量。在50%和75%保证率下,用白洋淀湿地自身的水权量为白洋淀补水,可分别满足其适宜和最小生态需水量要求;而95%保证率下,按照最小生态需水量为白洋淀补水,也需占用其他地区(白洋淀上游或外流域)的水权,需要对此进行补偿。
Wetland Ecological Water Rights are the rights allocated to wetland ecosystems for the use of water resources. Clear wetland ecological water rights for the establishment of wetland recharge mechanism is of great significance. The following principles should be followed when carrying out the analysis of ecological and water rights in wetlands: (1) The principle of basic domestic water use; (2) The principle of overall coordination between production and ecology; the upstream and downstream; (3) The principle of water use respecting the status quo; (4) The principle of rational water use. Based on this, the calculation method of ecological water right of wetland was put forward, and the case study of Baiyangdian wetland was conducted. The results showed that the annual ecological water right of 50% guarantee rate of Baiyangdian wetland was 13130 × 104m3, which was greater than the suitable ecological water requirement of wetland. The annual ecological water right of 75% guarantee rate was 8585 × 104m3, which was greater than the minimum ecological water requirement of wetland. The annual ecological water right with 95% guarantee rate is only 3891 × 104 m3, which is far less than the minimum ecological water requirement. Under the guarantee rates of 50% and 75%, using Baiyangdian wetland’s own water right to replenish water from Baiyangdian Lake can meet their suitable and minimum ecological water requirement respectively; while under the 95% guarantee rate, Baiyangdian Lake rehydrates according to the minimum ecological water demand, It also needs to occupy water rights in other areas (upstream of Baiyangdian or outflows) and needs to be compensated for.