To meet the high demand of increasing aging population and entire population, the steady expansion of medical services promotes the fight on a limited pool of local nurses for general hospitals, community hospitals, and nursing homes.Effective human resource planning, management, and development could ensure a balance between the supply and demand of nurse human resources, thereby leading to national self-sustainability.This Special Focus Issue welcomes original research papers, evidence-based localization pilot study, perspectives, conceptual papers, case reports, systematic review, and scoping review articles that focuson nursing workforce and work environment.