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精神障碍豁免(Insanity Defense)是一种刑事责任的辩护事由。不同时代,精神障碍对于刑事责任有着不同的影响。刑事古典学派将犯罪的原因归纳为人的自由意志。而近代犯罪学派则着重考虑精神障碍犯罪人的社会危害。在此基础上,20世纪的英国法院发展出野兽检验、麦纳顿规则等一系列判断精神障碍的标准。而在美国的法庭之上,精神障碍作为影响受审能力与实质能力的抗辩事由在不同阶段发挥着不同的作用,举证责任作为一种平衡实体法律与大众感情的调节器,在欣克利案件之后发生了有利于公共安全的变化。
Insanity Defense is a defense of criminal liability. Different times, mental disorders have different impacts on criminal responsibility. The classical criminal school summarized the causes of crime as the free will of the people. However, modern criminal schools focus on the social harms of criminals with mental disorders. On this basis, the 20th century British courts developed a series of standards for judging mental disorders such as the Beast Test and the rules of Manaton. And in the United States courts, mental disorders play different roles at different stages as defenses that affect the ability to interrogate and ascertain substantive powers. As a regulator that balances substantive law with popular feelings, the burden of proof occurs after the Hinkley case A change that is good for public safety.