论文部分内容阅读
定语从句是每年高考必考的内容。但因为定语从句规则繁多，且与其他语法项目有许多容易混淆的地方，很多同学在考试中极易弄错。笔者在此结合考题就定语从句考试中容易出现的六大误区为同学们作一梳理和分析。
[关系代词之间的误用]
定语从句的关系代词有who， whom， whose， that， which， as等，在从句中充当主语、宾语，定语等成分。
1. 只用that不用which
例1 The little problems ______ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
A. that B. as C. where D. when
解析 A。考查关系词。句意：我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题可能就是伟大发明的灵感。此句是定语从句，从句缺少宾语，先行词是problems，被little修饰，故用that。
点拨 定语从句在以下情况中只用that不用which。
当先行词是不定代词all， much， little， something， everything， anything， nothing， none， the one等时。如：
I’ve told you all that I know. There’s not much that can be done.
当先行词被only， very， just， last， all， one of， no， little， few， any， every等詞修饰时。如：
The only thing that I can do is to have a rest.
I’ve read all the books that you gave me.
当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词的最高级修饰时。如：
This is the best that has been used against pollution.
This is the most interesting film that I’ve ever seen.
当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。如：
This is the first book that he has read.
当先行词既有人又有物时。如：
The film star and her film that you have just talked about is really well-known.
当主句的主语是疑问词which时。如：
Which is the book that you bought last week？
有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另外一个要用that，以避免重复。如：
He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
2. 只用which不用that
例2 ... they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden， that is on the rooftop of their house.
解析 that→which。句意：他们喜欢在花园里种菜，这个花园在他们的房顶。根据句意和逗号，此处应为非限制性定语从句，故用which。
点拨 定语从句中以下情况只用which不用that。
1. 引导非限制性定语从句时。如：
The building， which attracts many visitors， is designed by my father.
2. 位于介词后面时。如：
Great changes have taken place in the city in which they live.
[误用关系代词as]
as作为关系代词， 通常以the same ... as或such ... as的形式引导定语从句，as在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语等。
1. 混淆so/such ... as ...与so/such ... that ...
so/such ... as ...中as引导定语从句，指代先行词；so/such ... that ...引导结果状语从句，that没有指代作用。如：
This is such an easy question as I can answer. （定语从句）
This is such an easy question that I can answer it. （结果状语从句）
例3 Pahlsson screamed so loudly as her daughter came running from the house.
解析 as→hat。考查固定句式。句意：Pahlsson叫得如此大声以至于她的女儿从房子那儿跑过来。so ... that ...表示“如此……以至于”，作结果状语，故填that。
2. 混淆the same ... as ... 与the same ... that ...
the same ... as ... 表示相似的东西； the same ...that ... 表示同一物或人。试比较： I want to buy the same bike as you bought yesterday. （一样的自行车）
This is the same bike that I bought yesterday. （就是那辆自行车）
3. 混淆as与which
例4 （2017·全国卷Ⅰ） Like anything， it is possible to have too much of both， 70 is not good for the health.
解析 which。考查非限制性定语从句。句意：像任何东西一样，两种物质很可能摄入过多，这对健康没有好处。which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前文。
有同学可能会误填as。which在非限制性定语从句中指代前文或先行词，置于句末。as引导非限制性定语从句时，可位于句首、句中或句末，常翻译成“正如”。
[误用which/that和whose]
例5 My eldest son， _______ work takes him all over the world， is in New York at the moment.
A. that B. whose C. his D. who
解析 B。句意：我的大儿子，他的工作让他走遍全世界，这会儿正在纽约。本句为非限制性定语从句，引导词在从句中作定语，故应使用whose。
例6 In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme， one of which purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
解析 which→whose。句意：在1963年，联合国创立世界粮食项目署，它的目的之一便是缓解世界范围内的饥荒。whose在从句中作定语，修饰purposes。
点拨 which/that在定语从句中作主语、宾语等成分，而whose在从句中作定语。
[关系副词和关系代词之间的误用]
定语从句中的关系副词有when，where，why等，在从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。不少同学常把关系副词和关系代词用错。
例7 （2017·浙江卷） Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got 63 （sweep） into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden， 64 it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted （生長） through it.
解析 where。同学们容易误填which。第64空应在句中作地点状语，表示“在花园里”，故填where。
此外，一些名词如position， condition， situation， scene， case， stage， point， degree表示抽象地点，可接where引导定语从句。试比较：
The accident had reached to a point where both their parents are to be called to the school.
The accident had reached to a point which/that both their parents are afraid of.
点拨 判断引导词用关系代词还是关系副词的关键是看先行词在从句中所作的成分：作状语，则使用关系副词；作主语、宾语、定语等成分，则用关系代词。
[主谓一致的误判]
1. 关系代词who， that， which等在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数保持一致。
例8 The publication of Great Expectations， which ______（be） both widely reviewed and highly praised， strengthened Dickens，status as a leading novelist.
解析 was。句意：《远大前程》的出版得到了广泛的评价和高度的赞扬，也强化了狄更斯领袖级小说家的地位。which引导非限制性定语从句，指代The publication of Great Expectations，故用单数第三人称形式。此题易因认为谓语动词的数由Expectations或both决定而误填were。
2. 先行词是“the only one of+复数名词”时，从句谓语动词用单数形式；先行词是“one of+复数名词”时，从句谓语动词用复数形式。试比较：
He is the only one of the students who was late this morning. （唯一一个迟到的学生）
He is one of the students who were late this morning. （迟到的学生中的一个）
例9 Linda is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of women who wear evening dress.
解析 wear→wears。“the only one of+复数名词”作先行词时，定语从句的谓语应根据the only one用单数形式。本题中关系词who指代的并非women而是Linda，故答案为wears。 [与其他从句混淆]
1. 与同位语从句混淆
二者前通常都有名词或代词，但定语从句起修饰、限定作用，同位语从句起解释、说明作用。试比较：
Judy and Nick are surprised at the fact that Canada is such an empty country.
Judy and Nick are surprised at the fact that shows Canada is an empty country.
第一句中，that后的句子说明fact的内容，且句子意思完整，连接词只起引导同位语从句的作用；第二句that后的句子对the fact起修饰、限定作用，并不是说明the fact的内容，that作show的主语，引导定语从句。
例10 During their trip in Chinatown， Judy and Nick know the fact which people mainly from Singapore and Vietnam are living here.
解析 which→that。句意：在中国城旅行期间，Judy和Nick了解到住在这里的人主要来自新加坡和越南等地。the fact后的从句对the fact起说明作用，是同位语从句，且句意完整，故用that。
2. 与强调句混淆
强调句中that没有意义，且不作任何成分，而定语从句中that为关系代词，在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。试比较：
It is novels that Miss Wang enjoys reading. （强调句）
It is a question that needs careful consideration. （定语从句）
例11 It was when I got back to my apartment ______ I first came across my new neighbors.
A. who B. where C. which D. that
解析 D。句意：當我回到我的公寓的时候，我第一次遇见了我的新邻居。本句如去掉It was和空格，句意完整，所以是强调句，强调时间状语when I got back to my apartment，所以选that。同学们切不可将此句误认为定语从句，将my apartmet当作先行词。
3. 与状语从句混淆
主要体现为混淆as引导的定语从句与方式状语从句。试比较：
China has the largest population in the world，as is known to us all. （定语从句）
Remember， you must do everything as I do. （方式状语从句）
点拨 方式状语从句没有指代作用，相当于in the way that ...，表示方式。
4. 与并列句混淆
要区分是并列句还是非限制性定语从句，关键是看两个句子之间是否有连词：若有表示并列关系的连词或分号、破折号，那就是并列句；如果两句之间没有这些连接符号，那就是非限制性定语从句，此时需考虑使用适当的关系代词或关系副词。试比较：
The professor is a little man， on the nose of whom there is a pair of glasses. （定语从句）
The professor is a little man， and on the nose of him there is a pair of glasses. （并列句）
例12 Many young people， most ______ were well-educated， headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
A. of which B. of them
C. of whom D. of those
解析 C。考查定语从句。先行词是Many young people，whom指代先行词，在从句中作介词of的宾语。
[关系代词之间的误用]
定语从句的关系代词有who， whom， whose， that， which， as等，在从句中充当主语、宾语，定语等成分。
1. 只用that不用which
例1 The little problems ______ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
A. that B. as C. where D. when
解析 A。考查关系词。句意：我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题可能就是伟大发明的灵感。此句是定语从句，从句缺少宾语，先行词是problems，被little修饰，故用that。
点拨 定语从句在以下情况中只用that不用which。
当先行词是不定代词all， much， little， something， everything， anything， nothing， none， the one等时。如：
I’ve told you all that I know. There’s not much that can be done.
当先行词被only， very， just， last， all， one of， no， little， few， any， every等詞修饰时。如：
The only thing that I can do is to have a rest.
I’ve read all the books that you gave me.
当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词的最高级修饰时。如：
This is the best that has been used against pollution.
This is the most interesting film that I’ve ever seen.
当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。如：
This is the first book that he has read.
当先行词既有人又有物时。如：
The film star and her film that you have just talked about is really well-known.
当主句的主语是疑问词which时。如：
Which is the book that you bought last week？
有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另外一个要用that，以避免重复。如：
He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
2. 只用which不用that
例2 ... they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden， that is on the rooftop of their house.
解析 that→which。句意：他们喜欢在花园里种菜，这个花园在他们的房顶。根据句意和逗号，此处应为非限制性定语从句，故用which。
点拨 定语从句中以下情况只用which不用that。
1. 引导非限制性定语从句时。如：
The building， which attracts many visitors， is designed by my father.
2. 位于介词后面时。如：
Great changes have taken place in the city in which they live.
[误用关系代词as]
as作为关系代词， 通常以the same ... as或such ... as的形式引导定语从句，as在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语等。
1. 混淆so/such ... as ...与so/such ... that ...
so/such ... as ...中as引导定语从句，指代先行词；so/such ... that ...引导结果状语从句，that没有指代作用。如：
This is such an easy question as I can answer. （定语从句）
This is such an easy question that I can answer it. （结果状语从句）
例3 Pahlsson screamed so loudly as her daughter came running from the house.
解析 as→hat。考查固定句式。句意：Pahlsson叫得如此大声以至于她的女儿从房子那儿跑过来。so ... that ...表示“如此……以至于”，作结果状语，故填that。
2. 混淆the same ... as ... 与the same ... that ...
the same ... as ... 表示相似的东西； the same ...that ... 表示同一物或人。试比较： I want to buy the same bike as you bought yesterday. （一样的自行车）
This is the same bike that I bought yesterday. （就是那辆自行车）
3. 混淆as与which
例4 （2017·全国卷Ⅰ） Like anything， it is possible to have too much of both， 70 is not good for the health.
解析 which。考查非限制性定语从句。句意：像任何东西一样，两种物质很可能摄入过多，这对健康没有好处。which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前文。
有同学可能会误填as。which在非限制性定语从句中指代前文或先行词，置于句末。as引导非限制性定语从句时，可位于句首、句中或句末，常翻译成“正如”。
[误用which/that和whose]
例5 My eldest son， _______ work takes him all over the world， is in New York at the moment.
A. that B. whose C. his D. who
解析 B。句意：我的大儿子，他的工作让他走遍全世界，这会儿正在纽约。本句为非限制性定语从句，引导词在从句中作定语，故应使用whose。
例6 In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme， one of which purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
解析 which→whose。句意：在1963年，联合国创立世界粮食项目署，它的目的之一便是缓解世界范围内的饥荒。whose在从句中作定语，修饰purposes。
点拨 which/that在定语从句中作主语、宾语等成分，而whose在从句中作定语。
[关系副词和关系代词之间的误用]
定语从句中的关系副词有when，where，why等，在从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。不少同学常把关系副词和关系代词用错。
例7 （2017·浙江卷） Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got 63 （sweep） into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden， 64 it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted （生長） through it.
解析 where。同学们容易误填which。第64空应在句中作地点状语，表示“在花园里”，故填where。
此外，一些名词如position， condition， situation， scene， case， stage， point， degree表示抽象地点，可接where引导定语从句。试比较：
The accident had reached to a point where both their parents are to be called to the school.
The accident had reached to a point which/that both their parents are afraid of.
点拨 判断引导词用关系代词还是关系副词的关键是看先行词在从句中所作的成分：作状语，则使用关系副词；作主语、宾语、定语等成分，则用关系代词。
[主谓一致的误判]
1. 关系代词who， that， which等在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数保持一致。
例8 The publication of Great Expectations， which ______（be） both widely reviewed and highly praised， strengthened Dickens，status as a leading novelist.
解析 was。句意：《远大前程》的出版得到了广泛的评价和高度的赞扬，也强化了狄更斯领袖级小说家的地位。which引导非限制性定语从句，指代The publication of Great Expectations，故用单数第三人称形式。此题易因认为谓语动词的数由Expectations或both决定而误填were。
2. 先行词是“the only one of+复数名词”时，从句谓语动词用单数形式；先行词是“one of+复数名词”时，从句谓语动词用复数形式。试比较：
He is the only one of the students who was late this morning. （唯一一个迟到的学生）
He is one of the students who were late this morning. （迟到的学生中的一个）
例9 Linda is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of women who wear evening dress.
解析 wear→wears。“the only one of+复数名词”作先行词时，定语从句的谓语应根据the only one用单数形式。本题中关系词who指代的并非women而是Linda，故答案为wears。 [与其他从句混淆]
1. 与同位语从句混淆
二者前通常都有名词或代词，但定语从句起修饰、限定作用，同位语从句起解释、说明作用。试比较：
Judy and Nick are surprised at the fact that Canada is such an empty country.
Judy and Nick are surprised at the fact that shows Canada is an empty country.
第一句中，that后的句子说明fact的内容，且句子意思完整，连接词只起引导同位语从句的作用；第二句that后的句子对the fact起修饰、限定作用，并不是说明the fact的内容，that作show的主语，引导定语从句。
例10 During their trip in Chinatown， Judy and Nick know the fact which people mainly from Singapore and Vietnam are living here.
解析 which→that。句意：在中国城旅行期间，Judy和Nick了解到住在这里的人主要来自新加坡和越南等地。the fact后的从句对the fact起说明作用，是同位语从句，且句意完整，故用that。
2. 与强调句混淆
强调句中that没有意义，且不作任何成分，而定语从句中that为关系代词，在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。试比较：
It is novels that Miss Wang enjoys reading. （强调句）
It is a question that needs careful consideration. （定语从句）
例11 It was when I got back to my apartment ______ I first came across my new neighbors.
A. who B. where C. which D. that
解析 D。句意：當我回到我的公寓的时候，我第一次遇见了我的新邻居。本句如去掉It was和空格，句意完整，所以是强调句，强调时间状语when I got back to my apartment，所以选that。同学们切不可将此句误认为定语从句，将my apartmet当作先行词。
3. 与状语从句混淆
主要体现为混淆as引导的定语从句与方式状语从句。试比较：
China has the largest population in the world，as is known to us all. （定语从句）
Remember， you must do everything as I do. （方式状语从句）
点拨 方式状语从句没有指代作用，相当于in the way that ...，表示方式。
4. 与并列句混淆
要区分是并列句还是非限制性定语从句，关键是看两个句子之间是否有连词：若有表示并列关系的连词或分号、破折号，那就是并列句；如果两句之间没有这些连接符号，那就是非限制性定语从句，此时需考虑使用适当的关系代词或关系副词。试比较：
The professor is a little man， on the nose of whom there is a pair of glasses. （定语从句）
The professor is a little man， and on the nose of him there is a pair of glasses. （并列句）
例12 Many young people， most ______ were well-educated， headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
A. of which B. of them
C. of whom D. of those
解析 C。考查定语从句。先行词是Many young people，whom指代先行词，在从句中作介词of的宾语。