目的:观察造模后不同时间不同疗程高压氧(HBO)治疗对局灶性脑缺血大鼠缺血侧大脑内源性神经干细胞(NSCs)分化的情况。方法:采用线栓法复制大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型。将105只大鼠按抽签法随机分为假手术组(SS)，缺血再灌注模型组(IR)，造模后1 d HBO治疗组(IR1d＋HBO)，造模后7 d HBO治疗组(IR7d＋HBO)，造模后14 d HBO治疗组(IR14d＋HBO)，造模后28 d HBO治疗组(IR28d＋HBO)。各组造模后第2、4、6、8周分别采用免疫荧光BrdU/β微管蛋白(β-tubulin)、BrdU/胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)双标法检测缺血侧大脑区新生的神经元及星形胶质细胞双标阳性细胞。结果:(1)BrdU/β-tubulin表达量在造模后2周时，SS组11.40±1.52，IR组36.60±2.51，IR1d＋HBO组48.60±3.21，IR7d＋HBO组42.60±2.30；4周时SS组12.20±1.92，IR组26.20±2.28，IR1d＋HBO组39.80±2.17，IR7d＋HBO组33.20±1.92，IR14d＋HBO组29.20±1.48；6周时SS组12.40±1.67，IR组18.60±1.82，IR1d＋HBO组30.20±2.49，IR7d＋HBO组25.40±2.79，IR14d＋HBO组21.40±2.50，IR28d＋HBO组19.60±1.67；8周时SS组11.80±1.64，IR组16.40±2.07，IR1d＋HBO组24.40±1.95，IR7d＋HBO组21.20±1.48，IR14d＋HBO组18.40±1.67，IR28d＋HBO组15.60±1.82。各组间BrdU/β-tubulin表达量差异均有统计学意义(n P0.05)；各组均在2周时BrdU/GFAP表达量达到最高(n P0.05) at each time point. All the expressions of BrdU/GFAP in each group reached the highest level at the 2nd week (n P<0.05).n Conclusion:In the early and the recovery period, HBO can promote the differentiation of NSCs in the ischemic areas into neurons and inhibit its differentiation into astrocytes. An early long-term treatment of HBO can maintain NSCs differentiation in the ischemic area into neurons for a long time.