小说表现的话语一般都在讲述与展示之间交替使用着,尽管在文学史的不同时期对这两种不同方式的运用各有侧重。早在柏拉图《理想国》第三卷中,苏格拉底就划分了话语表现的两种不同方式:纯叙事 The expressions of fiction are generally used interchangeably between narration and presentation, although each of these two different approaches has its own emphasis at different periods in the history of literature. As early as the third volume of Plato’s The Republic, Socrates divided two different ways of discourse performance: pure narrative