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氢原子和类氢离子的核外只有一个电子,它们都是单电子原子。单电子原子的基态和各激发态的能量决定于主量子数n,与角量子数l无关。但是,在多电子原子中,电子既受原子核的吸引,而电子彼此之间也存在着相互排斥作用,除了主量子数外,角量子数也是决定电子能量高低的一种因素。因此,确定多电子原子中的能级是比较复杂的。笔者,对这一问题作初步分析: 一、屏蔽效应和有效核电荷的概念 对于氢原子来说,核电荷Z=1。原子核外仅有一个电子。这个电子只受到原子核的作用,
There are only one electron outside the nucleus of a hydrogen atom and a hydrogen-like ion, and they are all single-electron atoms. The ground state of the single electron atom and the energy of each excited state are determined by the main quantum number n, which is independent of the angular quantum number l. However, in a multi-electron atom, electrons are attracted by nuclei, and electrons also mutually repel each other. In addition to the main quantum number, the angular quantum number is also a factor that determines the level of electron energy. Therefore, determining the energy level in a multi-electron atom is complicated. The author, to make a preliminary analysis of this issue: First, the concept of shielding effect and effective nuclear charge For hydrogen atoms, the nuclear charge Z = 1. There is only one electron outside the nucleus. This electron is only affected by the nucleus.