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作物新基因发掘是实现作物种质资源向基因资源转变和作物分子育种的基础。本文对中国水稻、小麦、玉米、大豆、棉花和油菜等主要作物基因发掘研究进展进行了分析和评述,总结出近10年来中国科学家在作物基因发掘研究领域取得的突破性进展,包括:(1)创制出一批具有特色的基因发掘材料,包括基于中国作物遗传多样性的核心种质、基于优异资源的遗传分离群体和基于人工诱变的突变体等;(2)基因发掘技术和方法有所突破,尤其是建立了针对不同基因特点整合各种技术的基因发掘技术、改进了基因/QTL的生物统计算法等,提高了基因发掘的效率;(3)作物重要性状基因/QTL的标记定位已成为作物常规遗传研究方法,初步定位了一批抗病虫、抗逆、优质、养分高效、高产相关基因/QTL,其中,有500多个基因已精细定位;(4)以水稻为代表的作物基因克隆及功能研究在国际上受到瞩目,在主要作物中已克隆了300多个基因,其中,在目标作物中验证的重要性状基因数超过70个。目前,国际作物基因发掘正朝高效化、规模化及实用化方向发展,中国作物基因发掘也在这些方面有所创新。然而,与国际作物基因发掘研究相比还存在差距,中国作物基因发掘的数量和质量还远远不能满足作物分子育种的需求,具体表现为不同作物基因发掘研究进展不平衡、发掘基因的数量还相对有限、已发掘的基因中具有重大利用价值的基因不多等。针对中国基因发掘面临的问题和世界各国以及跨国生物技术公司争夺基因的巨大挑战,作者提出了中国作物基因发掘应重点提高基因发掘效率,开展重要基因克隆及基因的价值评估,加强以生物产业发展需求为导向的基因发掘策略。
The discovery of new genes in crops is the basis for the transformation of crop germplasm resources to genetic resources and crop molecular breeding. This paper analyzes and comments on the research progress of gene discovery of major crops such as rice, wheat, maize, soybean, cotton and rape in China and concludes the breakthroughs made by Chinese scientists in the field of crop gene discovery in recent 10 years, including: (1 ) Has created a number of unique gene discovery materials, including core germplasms based on the genetic diversity of crops in China, genetic segregation groups based on excellent resources and mutants based on artificial mutagenesis, etc .; (2) Gene discovery techniques and methods Especially the establishment of gene discovery technologies that integrate various technologies based on different gene characteristics and improved biostatistical algorithms of genes / QTLs to improve the efficiency of gene discovery; (3) The marker and location of important trait genes / QTLs in crops It has become a common research method of crop genetic research and has initially targeted a number of genes / QTLs that are pest-resistant, resistant, high quality, highly nutrient efficient and high yield, of which more than 500 genes have been finely mapped; (4) Crop gene cloning and functional studies have attracted worldwide attention. More than 300 genes have been cloned from major crops. Among them, the heavy Number trait over 70. At present, the international discovery of crop genes is moving towards efficient, large-scale and practical direction, China’s crop gene discovery has also been innovative in these areas. However, there is still a gap compared with the international research on crop gene discovery. The quantity and quality of crop gene discovery in China are far from meeting the needs of crop molecular breeding. The results show that the progress of research on genetic excision of different crops is unbalanced and the number of genes excavated Relatively limited, there are not many genes of great exploited value in the discovered genes. In view of the problems facing China’s gene discovery and the enormous challenges in the fight for genes by the multinational and multinational biotechnology companies in the world, the author proposed that the discovery of crop genes in China should focus on improving the efficiency of gene discovery, carrying out important gene cloning and gene value evaluation, and strengthening the development of bioindustry Demand-driven gene discovery strategy.