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摘要:【目的】分析廣西北仑河口红树林底泥放线菌多样性及其次级代谢产物抑制甘蔗鞭黑粉菌活性,为挖掘放线菌新物种及其新型农用杀菌剂打下基础。【方法】选取6种分离培养基,采用稀释涂布法对广西北仑河口红树林底泥样品进行分离培养,ISP2培养基纯化菌株,基于16S rRNA序列分析样品中放线菌多样性,并以牛津杯法对分离得到的菌株进行抑制甘蔗鞭黑粉菌活性测定。【结果】经排重合并和16S rRNA序列比对分析,从广西北仑河口红树林底泥中共分离得到36株放线菌,隶属于6目9科12属,链霉菌属(Streptomyces)为优势菌属,共有5株菌株的16S rRNA序列与标准菌株的相似性低于98.00%,可能为潜在新物种。抑菌活性测定结果表明,36株放线菌中有22株菌对甘蔗鞭黑粉菌有抑制作用,占所分离放线菌总数的61.11%。【结论】广西北仑河口红树林底泥中蕴藏着丰富的海洋放线菌资源,具有开发成新型农用生防杀菌剂的潜力。
关键词: 红树林;放线菌;多样性;甘蔗鞭黑粉菌;抑菌活性
中图分类号: S435.661; Q939.3 文献标志码:A 文章编号:2095-1191(2018)04-0708-06
Diversity of actinomycetes isolated from bottom mud of mangrove forest in Beilun Estuary of Guangxi and its antibacterial activity against Sporisorium scitamineum
LI Xiao-qun1,2,3, YU Qing-wu4, YI Xiang-qian2,3, HAO Er-wei2, MA Liang3,
YAN Dong-mei1, GAO Cheng-hai2,3*
(1Light Industry and Food Engineering College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; 2Institude of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; 3Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine
Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007,
China; 4Guangxi Grades University of Economics and Management, Nanning 530007, China)
Abstract:【Objective】The diversity of actinomycetes isolated from bottom mud of mangrove forest in Beilun Estuary of Guangxi and the antibacterial activity of its secondary metabolites against Sporisorium scitamineum were studied in order to lay a foundation for finding new actinomycetes species and the corresponding agricultural fungicides. 【Method】Samples from bottom mud of mangrove forest in Beilun Estuary of Guangxi were isolated and cultured with the method dilution coating in six isolation media. Strains were purified with the culture medium ISP2. Diversity of actinomycetes was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The antibacterial activity of isolated strain against S.scitamineum were initially tested with the method of Oxford cup. 【Result】There were 36 strains were isolated from bottom mud of mangrove forest in Beilun Estuary of Guangxi through removal of duplication, combination, and comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequence. The strains distributed in 12 genera, 9 families and 6 orders; Streptomyces was dominant genus. The similarity of 16S rRNA gene sequences between the five strains and standard strain was bleow 98.00%. The result indicated the five strains were potential new species.The test result of antibacterial activity showed that among 36 actinomycetes strains, 22 strains had antibacterial effectson S. scitamineum, accounting for 61.11% of total isolated actinomycetes. 【Conclusion】The bo-ttom mud of mangrove forest in Beilun Estuary of Guangxi is abundant with marine actinomycetes resources, which provides potential for development of new agricultural fungicides. Key words: mangrove forest; actinomycetes; diversity; Sporisorium scitamineum; antibacterial activity
0 引言
【研究意义】甘蔗黑穗病是由甘蔗鞭黑粉菌感染引起的一种世界性甘蔗病害,是我国甘蔗普遍发生的最严重病害之一(Schenck et al.,2005)。近年来,随着我国甘蔗种植面积不断扩大,高达80%~90%的甘蔗黑穗病发病率(刘洪博等,2011)导致我国甘蔗产量和蔗糖分遭受严重损失,影响了蔗农的收益和蔗糖业的可持续发展。目前,对甘蔗黑穗病的防治主要是采用嘧菌酯、苯醚甲环唑·嘧菌酯和噻呋酰胺等化学药剂,但极易造成农药残留,危害人体健康(朱桂宁等,2014)。因此,寻找经济、高效、具有生物活性的杀菌剂是防治甘蔗黑穗病的一种重要手段。【前人研究进展】放线菌具有产生多种活性天然产物的能力,是具有新颖结构和开发新作用机理的抑菌药物生物活性资源(许琳雅等,2010;姜素平等,2017)。罗建军等(2012)通过筛选分离获得的小白链霉菌(Streptomyces albulus Routien)活性高且抑菌谱广,其菌株及无菌发酵液对供试16种果蔬病原真菌均具有拮抗作用。梁银等(2013)从土壤中分离得到的一株白刺链霉菌(S. albospinus),其对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果为51.85%,且对黄瓜生长有一定的促生作用。陆铮铮等(2013)分离得到的一株放线菌菌株对青枯劳尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanaceanm)具有很好的拮抗作用,其平均抑菌圈直径可达54.66 mm。孙现超等(2013)筛选出一株对马铃薯干腐病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发均有很强抑制作用的吸水链霉菌(S. hygroscopicus),抑制率分别为74.5%和100.0%。薛应钰等(2016)分离得到的娄彻氏链霉菌对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑制率高达96.4%。庄令(2017)从深海沉积物中筛选获得一株对香蕉枯萎病病原菌具有较强抑制活性的链霉菌株220362。近年来,从红树林底泥中分离得到的放线菌可产生多种有生物活性的次级代谢物,具有较强的抑菌作用。李聆莉等(2017)从南海红树林底泥中分离得到一株具有较强抗花生青枯病菌活性的链霉菌新种闸坡链霉菌(S. zhapoensis)。吴家法等(2017)从茅尾海红树林植物根际土壤分离到具有较强抗香蕉枯萎病菌活性的放线菌,抑菌结果总阳性率为19.66%。【本研究切入点】目前对甘蔗黑穗病的防治主要采用化学药剂,而针对甘蔗鞭黑粉菌开发出高效安全海洋微生物杀菌剂的研究报道较少。【拟解决的关键问题】采用稀释涂布法、16S rRNA序列分析及牛津杯法对广西北仑河口红树林底泥放线菌进行分离纯化及多样性分析,并对其次级代谢产物进行抑菌活性初步筛选,为甘蔗黑穗病的有效防治提供理论依据。
1 材料与方法
1. 1 试验材料
1. 1. 1 样品及供试菌 2015年3月,在广西北仑河口(东经108°18′,北纬21°58′)红树林区采集海泥样品,深度为15~20 cm。采集后立即装入无菌袋中,并存放于含冰袋的保温箱中,送回实验室于-18 ℃保存备用。2016年9月,从金光农场自然发病的甘蔗黑穗病植株采集新鲜甘蔗黑粉菌冬孢子,将冬孢子装于封口袋中,4 ℃保存备用。
1. 1. 2 主要试剂及仪器 主要试剂:Premix Taq、PCR反应试剂及16S rRNA扩增通用PCR引物27F和1492R均購自南宁科迪生物科技有限公司;DNA Marker、Goldview II型核酸染料和培养基原料购自北京康为世纪生物科技有限公司,其他有机试剂均为国产分析纯。主要仪器设备:Carestream Gel Logic 2200Pro凝胶成像分析系统(Carestream)、Tgradient多功能梯度PCR扩增仪(Bimetra)、MINI B-100恒温金属浴(杭州米欧仪器有限公司)和VCX750超声波细胞破碎仪(Sonicis)。
1. 1. 3 培养基 分离培养基(Qin et al., 2009):改良高氏1号、NA、M8、M9、M10和ISP5等;纯化及保藏培养基:改良ISP2固体培养基;发酵培养基:改良ISP2液体培养基;指示菌培养基:PDA培养基。
1. 2 试验方法
1. 2. 1 放线菌分离纯化 在超净工作台上称取2.0 g海泥样品,置于250 mL锥形瓶中,加入含玻璃珠的20 mL无菌陈海水,置于摇床(28 ℃,140 r/min)中富集2 h。将预处理的样品悬液依次稀释成10-1、10-2、10-3和10-4 ,取100 μL不同浓度的稀释液涂布于放线菌分离培养基上,每种培养基设3个平行,置于28 ℃恒温培养7~15 d。
根据菌落形态、色泽、湿润度等,挑出特征较典型的放线菌单菌落,接种至ISP2培养基中进行分离纯化,纯化菌株用20%(v/v)甘油管保存于-80 ℃超低温冰箱。
1. 2. 2 放线菌16S rRNA扩增及系统发育分析 选取代表性菌株进行基因组DNA提取及16S rRNA序列测定,菌株DNA提取参照Janso和Carter(2010)的方法,根据Walsh等(1991)的方法进行PCR扩增。以提取的基因组DNA为模板,采用细菌通用引物27F和1492R进行16S rRNA序列扩增。扩增产物用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳进行检测,经凝胶成像系统验后,委托上海美吉生物科技有限公司广州分公司进行测序。测序结果在NCBI网站中通过BLAST和EzTaxon-e进行在线比对,选取同源性最高典型菌株的序列。
1. 2. 3 菌株发酵及粗提物制备 保存于4 ℃冰箱的放线菌菌株在ISP2培养基上活化后,接种至装有50 mL发酵液的250 mL锥形瓶中,每种菌株设5个平行,28 ℃下180 r/min振荡培养7 d。发酵液经8000 r/min离心10 min,分离上清液和菌体沉定。菌体沉定用丙酮浸泡过夜,混合试剂萃取2次;上清液用乙酸乙酯溶剂1∶1(v/v)萃取3~5次,最后依次用旋转蒸发仪真空浓缩,转移至西林瓶中挥干,即获得菌株胞内及胞外产物浸膏。 1. 2. 4 放线菌浸膏抑制甘蔗鞭黑粉菌试验
1. 2. 4. 1 甘蔗鞭黑粉菌担孢子和菌丝制备 取少量保存于4 ℃冰箱的甘蔗黑粉菌冬孢子加入1 mL无菌水混匀,梯度稀释成多个浓度,涂布于PDA培养基上培养2~3 d(28 ℃);挑取单菌落(羊毛状)加入1 mL无菌水混匀,取100 ?L混合液加入含900 ?L无菌水的离心管中,依次稀释至10-3或10-4,取200 ?L涂布于PDA培养基上,置于培养箱中28 ℃培养3~5 d。取5~6个酵母态担孢子分别接种于装有1 mL YEPS液体培养基的离心管中,于28 ℃下180 r/min离心36 h。取1 mL菌液按排列组合两两交叉分配,点在PDA培养基同一位置,28 ℃培养2 d,观察菌落是否产生菌丝。指示菌板的制备参照李菲等(2017)的方法。
1. 2. 4. 2 抑菌活性测定 牛津杯法(宫小明等,2015)测定放线菌抑制甘蔗鞭黑粉菌的活性。在各菌株胞内和胞外产物中加入1 mL DMSO溶液溶解,配制成一定量的药液浓度,取100 ?L药液加入到每个牛津杯中。以DMSO溶液为空白对照,5 ?g/mL啶酰菌胺溶液为阳性对照。置于28 ℃培养箱中培养7 d,采用十字交叉法测量抑菌圈直径。
2 结果与分析
2. 1 红树林底泥放线菌多样性分析结果
采用稀释涂布法从广西北仑河口红树林底泥样品中共分离得到36株菌株,根据菌落形态特征(颜色、大小及出现时间)排重和基于16S rRNA基因序列分析,发现36株菌株均为放线菌(表1),隶属于放线菌纲的6目9科12属,其中链霉菌属(Streptomyces)19株,占所分离放线菌总数的52.78%,为优势菌属;同时发现6种稀有放线菌属,分别为类诺卡菌属(Nocardioides)、短小杆菌属(Curtobacterium)、两面神菌属(Janibacter)、分支杆菌属(Mycobacterium)、微杆菌属(Microbacterium)和纤维微菌属(Cellulosimicrobium)。根据放线菌的16S rRNA序列比对分析结果,菌株BLM0045、BLM0092、BLM0091、BLM0124和BLM0089与最近发表的菌株N. aestuarii JC2056T、N. gink gobilobae SYP-A7303T、N. cavernae YIM A1136T、Curtobacterium albidum DSM 20512T和Rhizobium oryziradicis N19T相似性最高,分别为96.66%、96.15%、97.96%、96.31%和96.44%,即这5株菌株的16S rRNA序列相似性均低于98.00%,可能为潜在新放线菌物种。
2. 2 红树林底泥放线菌抑菌活性初筛结果
选取36株可培养放线菌的胞内和胞外产物进行抑制甘蔗鞭黑粉菌活性初步筛选,结果(图1)发现有22株放线菌的胞外产物具有抑菌活性,占所分离放线菌总数的61.11%。36株放线菌中有19株菌可抑制甘蔗鞭黑粉菌菌丝体生长,阳性率为52.78%,抑菌圈直径为8.5~37.0 mm,其中菌株BLM0091、BLM0019和BLM0118表现出强抑菌活性,抑菌圈直径分别为29.2、30.0和37.0 mm;9株菌对甘蔗鞭黑粉菌“+”型担孢子具有拮抗活性,总阳性率为25.00%,抑菌圈直径为6.3~23.4 mm,其中菌侏BLM0143和BLM0019具有强抑制作用,抑菌圈直径分别为21.8和23.4 mm;13株菌对甘蔗鞭黑粉菌“-”型担孢子具有拮抗活性,总阳性率为36.11%,抑菌圈直径为8.3~24.5 mm,其中菌株BLM0143、BLM0091和BLM0019具有強的拮抗作用,抑菌圈直径分别为20.9、23.0和24.5 mm;有13株菌具有同时抑制3种或2种甘蔗鞭黑粉菌形态的能力,其中菌株BLM0019对病原菌菌丝体和2种担孢子均表现出强抑制作用(表2)。阴性对照组无抑菌圈,阳性对照组抑菌圈明显,抑菌圈直径为22.9 mm。
3 讨论
近年来,国内外已有大量文献报道了对油菜菌核病菌、水稻纹枯病菌和草莓炭疽病菌等作物病害菌具有强拮抗作用的阿尔伯龙链霉菌(S. albolongus)、革兰链霉菌(S. corchorusii)和禾本氏链霉菌(S. gramineus)等链霉菌属菌种,而陆栖放线菌,尤其是链霉菌已成为植物生防杀菌剂研究开发的热点(Zacky and Ting,2013;Yang et al., 2015;吴颖等,2016)。同时,在农业生产中链霉菌产生的次生代谢产物(如植物促生因子)可制作成营养元素或植物保护剂(Reddy et al., 2016)。在微生物农药开发中,放线菌占有不可替代的地位,且农用抗生素大多数来源于放线菌的次生代谢产物(Xu et al.,2014),如阿维菌素、多杀菌素和杀稻瘟素-S等放线菌次级代谢产物。但微生物农药在应用过程中也存在诸多问题,如药效慢、时效性低和稳定性差及在推广时出现的技术复杂化、时机难把握和高成本等问题,寻找具有多样性的次级代谢产物和生物活性独特的菌种资源成为解决这一瓶颈的关键(Ji et al., 2016)。
相对于陆地环境,红树林强辐射、高盐、低氧、低光照和高压等特殊环境蕴藏着丰富而特异的微生物类群(Lee et al., 2014),是新型生物活性分子和放线菌新菌的重要来源。根据相关文献报道,近20年来,从红树林中发现的放线菌新物种共有73个(含6个新属),其中大部分来自于土壤及沉积物,而红树林植物内生放线菌来源的仅有2个新属和6个新种(Takeuchi and Hatano K,1998;闫蕾蕾等, 2011;洪葵, 2013;Liu et al., 2017)。微生物所产次级代谢产物具有菌株至种属水平的特异性(Jensen et al., 2007),而新物种发现新活性天然产物的潜力相对较大(Takahashi and Omura,2003)。本研究从广西北仑河口红树林底泥样品中共分离得到36株放线菌,分布于6目9科12属。对36株放线菌开展抑菌活性试验,发现分离得到的5株潜在放线菌新物种中有3株具有抗甘蔗鞭黑粉菌活性,丰富了植物生防菌的筛选范围,后期将对这5株潜在放线菌新物种及抑菌活性较好的菌株产生的活性物质进行研究。本研究结果表明,广西北仑河口红树林底泥中承载多样性丰富的放线菌资源,具有产生丰富代谢产物和发现新抗生素及放线菌新物种的潜力,为研制新型农用杀菌剂提供了重要的参考依据。 4 结论
广西北仑河口红树林底泥微生物具有丰富的多样性,通过分离培养基获得的放线菌隶属于6目9科12属,其中有5株为放线菌潜在新物种,具有开发成新型农用生防杀菌剂的潜力。
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(責任编辑 麻小燕)
关键词: 红树林;放线菌;多样性;甘蔗鞭黑粉菌;抑菌活性
中图分类号: S435.661; Q939.3 文献标志码:A 文章编号:2095-1191(2018)04-0708-06
Diversity of actinomycetes isolated from bottom mud of mangrove forest in Beilun Estuary of Guangxi and its antibacterial activity against Sporisorium scitamineum
LI Xiao-qun1,2,3, YU Qing-wu4, YI Xiang-qian2,3, HAO Er-wei2, MA Liang3,
YAN Dong-mei1, GAO Cheng-hai2,3*
(1Light Industry and Food Engineering College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; 2Institude of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China; 3Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine
Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007,
China; 4Guangxi Grades University of Economics and Management, Nanning 530007, China)
Abstract:【Objective】The diversity of actinomycetes isolated from bottom mud of mangrove forest in Beilun Estuary of Guangxi and the antibacterial activity of its secondary metabolites against Sporisorium scitamineum were studied in order to lay a foundation for finding new actinomycetes species and the corresponding agricultural fungicides. 【Method】Samples from bottom mud of mangrove forest in Beilun Estuary of Guangxi were isolated and cultured with the method dilution coating in six isolation media. Strains were purified with the culture medium ISP2. Diversity of actinomycetes was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The antibacterial activity of isolated strain against S.scitamineum were initially tested with the method of Oxford cup. 【Result】There were 36 strains were isolated from bottom mud of mangrove forest in Beilun Estuary of Guangxi through removal of duplication, combination, and comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequence. The strains distributed in 12 genera, 9 families and 6 orders; Streptomyces was dominant genus. The similarity of 16S rRNA gene sequences between the five strains and standard strain was bleow 98.00%. The result indicated the five strains were potential new species.The test result of antibacterial activity showed that among 36 actinomycetes strains, 22 strains had antibacterial effectson S. scitamineum, accounting for 61.11% of total isolated actinomycetes. 【Conclusion】The bo-ttom mud of mangrove forest in Beilun Estuary of Guangxi is abundant with marine actinomycetes resources, which provides potential for development of new agricultural fungicides. Key words: mangrove forest; actinomycetes; diversity; Sporisorium scitamineum; antibacterial activity
0 引言
【研究意义】甘蔗黑穗病是由甘蔗鞭黑粉菌感染引起的一种世界性甘蔗病害,是我国甘蔗普遍发生的最严重病害之一(Schenck et al.,2005)。近年来,随着我国甘蔗种植面积不断扩大,高达80%~90%的甘蔗黑穗病发病率(刘洪博等,2011)导致我国甘蔗产量和蔗糖分遭受严重损失,影响了蔗农的收益和蔗糖业的可持续发展。目前,对甘蔗黑穗病的防治主要是采用嘧菌酯、苯醚甲环唑·嘧菌酯和噻呋酰胺等化学药剂,但极易造成农药残留,危害人体健康(朱桂宁等,2014)。因此,寻找经济、高效、具有生物活性的杀菌剂是防治甘蔗黑穗病的一种重要手段。【前人研究进展】放线菌具有产生多种活性天然产物的能力,是具有新颖结构和开发新作用机理的抑菌药物生物活性资源(许琳雅等,2010;姜素平等,2017)。罗建军等(2012)通过筛选分离获得的小白链霉菌(Streptomyces albulus Routien)活性高且抑菌谱广,其菌株及无菌发酵液对供试16种果蔬病原真菌均具有拮抗作用。梁银等(2013)从土壤中分离得到的一株白刺链霉菌(S. albospinus),其对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果为51.85%,且对黄瓜生长有一定的促生作用。陆铮铮等(2013)分离得到的一株放线菌菌株对青枯劳尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanaceanm)具有很好的拮抗作用,其平均抑菌圈直径可达54.66 mm。孙现超等(2013)筛选出一株对马铃薯干腐病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发均有很强抑制作用的吸水链霉菌(S. hygroscopicus),抑制率分别为74.5%和100.0%。薛应钰等(2016)分离得到的娄彻氏链霉菌对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑制率高达96.4%。庄令(2017)从深海沉积物中筛选获得一株对香蕉枯萎病病原菌具有较强抑制活性的链霉菌株220362。近年来,从红树林底泥中分离得到的放线菌可产生多种有生物活性的次级代谢物,具有较强的抑菌作用。李聆莉等(2017)从南海红树林底泥中分离得到一株具有较强抗花生青枯病菌活性的链霉菌新种闸坡链霉菌(S. zhapoensis)。吴家法等(2017)从茅尾海红树林植物根际土壤分离到具有较强抗香蕉枯萎病菌活性的放线菌,抑菌结果总阳性率为19.66%。【本研究切入点】目前对甘蔗黑穗病的防治主要采用化学药剂,而针对甘蔗鞭黑粉菌开发出高效安全海洋微生物杀菌剂的研究报道较少。【拟解决的关键问题】采用稀释涂布法、16S rRNA序列分析及牛津杯法对广西北仑河口红树林底泥放线菌进行分离纯化及多样性分析,并对其次级代谢产物进行抑菌活性初步筛选,为甘蔗黑穗病的有效防治提供理论依据。
1 材料与方法
1. 1 试验材料
1. 1. 1 样品及供试菌 2015年3月,在广西北仑河口(东经108°18′,北纬21°58′)红树林区采集海泥样品,深度为15~20 cm。采集后立即装入无菌袋中,并存放于含冰袋的保温箱中,送回实验室于-18 ℃保存备用。2016年9月,从金光农场自然发病的甘蔗黑穗病植株采集新鲜甘蔗黑粉菌冬孢子,将冬孢子装于封口袋中,4 ℃保存备用。
1. 1. 2 主要试剂及仪器 主要试剂:Premix Taq、PCR反应试剂及16S rRNA扩增通用PCR引物27F和1492R均購自南宁科迪生物科技有限公司;DNA Marker、Goldview II型核酸染料和培养基原料购自北京康为世纪生物科技有限公司,其他有机试剂均为国产分析纯。主要仪器设备:Carestream Gel Logic 2200Pro凝胶成像分析系统(Carestream)、Tgradient多功能梯度PCR扩增仪(Bimetra)、MINI B-100恒温金属浴(杭州米欧仪器有限公司)和VCX750超声波细胞破碎仪(Sonicis)。
1. 1. 3 培养基 分离培养基(Qin et al., 2009):改良高氏1号、NA、M8、M9、M10和ISP5等;纯化及保藏培养基:改良ISP2固体培养基;发酵培养基:改良ISP2液体培养基;指示菌培养基:PDA培养基。
1. 2 试验方法
1. 2. 1 放线菌分离纯化 在超净工作台上称取2.0 g海泥样品,置于250 mL锥形瓶中,加入含玻璃珠的20 mL无菌陈海水,置于摇床(28 ℃,140 r/min)中富集2 h。将预处理的样品悬液依次稀释成10-1、10-2、10-3和10-4 ,取100 μL不同浓度的稀释液涂布于放线菌分离培养基上,每种培养基设3个平行,置于28 ℃恒温培养7~15 d。
根据菌落形态、色泽、湿润度等,挑出特征较典型的放线菌单菌落,接种至ISP2培养基中进行分离纯化,纯化菌株用20%(v/v)甘油管保存于-80 ℃超低温冰箱。
1. 2. 2 放线菌16S rRNA扩增及系统发育分析 选取代表性菌株进行基因组DNA提取及16S rRNA序列测定,菌株DNA提取参照Janso和Carter(2010)的方法,根据Walsh等(1991)的方法进行PCR扩增。以提取的基因组DNA为模板,采用细菌通用引物27F和1492R进行16S rRNA序列扩增。扩增产物用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳进行检测,经凝胶成像系统验后,委托上海美吉生物科技有限公司广州分公司进行测序。测序结果在NCBI网站中通过BLAST和EzTaxon-e进行在线比对,选取同源性最高典型菌株的序列。
1. 2. 3 菌株发酵及粗提物制备 保存于4 ℃冰箱的放线菌菌株在ISP2培养基上活化后,接种至装有50 mL发酵液的250 mL锥形瓶中,每种菌株设5个平行,28 ℃下180 r/min振荡培养7 d。发酵液经8000 r/min离心10 min,分离上清液和菌体沉定。菌体沉定用丙酮浸泡过夜,混合试剂萃取2次;上清液用乙酸乙酯溶剂1∶1(v/v)萃取3~5次,最后依次用旋转蒸发仪真空浓缩,转移至西林瓶中挥干,即获得菌株胞内及胞外产物浸膏。 1. 2. 4 放线菌浸膏抑制甘蔗鞭黑粉菌试验
1. 2. 4. 1 甘蔗鞭黑粉菌担孢子和菌丝制备 取少量保存于4 ℃冰箱的甘蔗黑粉菌冬孢子加入1 mL无菌水混匀,梯度稀释成多个浓度,涂布于PDA培养基上培养2~3 d(28 ℃);挑取单菌落(羊毛状)加入1 mL无菌水混匀,取100 ?L混合液加入含900 ?L无菌水的离心管中,依次稀释至10-3或10-4,取200 ?L涂布于PDA培养基上,置于培养箱中28 ℃培养3~5 d。取5~6个酵母态担孢子分别接种于装有1 mL YEPS液体培养基的离心管中,于28 ℃下180 r/min离心36 h。取1 mL菌液按排列组合两两交叉分配,点在PDA培养基同一位置,28 ℃培养2 d,观察菌落是否产生菌丝。指示菌板的制备参照李菲等(2017)的方法。
1. 2. 4. 2 抑菌活性测定 牛津杯法(宫小明等,2015)测定放线菌抑制甘蔗鞭黑粉菌的活性。在各菌株胞内和胞外产物中加入1 mL DMSO溶液溶解,配制成一定量的药液浓度,取100 ?L药液加入到每个牛津杯中。以DMSO溶液为空白对照,5 ?g/mL啶酰菌胺溶液为阳性对照。置于28 ℃培养箱中培养7 d,采用十字交叉法测量抑菌圈直径。
2 结果与分析
2. 1 红树林底泥放线菌多样性分析结果
采用稀释涂布法从广西北仑河口红树林底泥样品中共分离得到36株菌株,根据菌落形态特征(颜色、大小及出现时间)排重和基于16S rRNA基因序列分析,发现36株菌株均为放线菌(表1),隶属于放线菌纲的6目9科12属,其中链霉菌属(Streptomyces)19株,占所分离放线菌总数的52.78%,为优势菌属;同时发现6种稀有放线菌属,分别为类诺卡菌属(Nocardioides)、短小杆菌属(Curtobacterium)、两面神菌属(Janibacter)、分支杆菌属(Mycobacterium)、微杆菌属(Microbacterium)和纤维微菌属(Cellulosimicrobium)。根据放线菌的16S rRNA序列比对分析结果,菌株BLM0045、BLM0092、BLM0091、BLM0124和BLM0089与最近发表的菌株N. aestuarii JC2056T、N. gink gobilobae SYP-A7303T、N. cavernae YIM A1136T、Curtobacterium albidum DSM 20512T和Rhizobium oryziradicis N19T相似性最高,分别为96.66%、96.15%、97.96%、96.31%和96.44%,即这5株菌株的16S rRNA序列相似性均低于98.00%,可能为潜在新放线菌物种。
2. 2 红树林底泥放线菌抑菌活性初筛结果
选取36株可培养放线菌的胞内和胞外产物进行抑制甘蔗鞭黑粉菌活性初步筛选,结果(图1)发现有22株放线菌的胞外产物具有抑菌活性,占所分离放线菌总数的61.11%。36株放线菌中有19株菌可抑制甘蔗鞭黑粉菌菌丝体生长,阳性率为52.78%,抑菌圈直径为8.5~37.0 mm,其中菌株BLM0091、BLM0019和BLM0118表现出强抑菌活性,抑菌圈直径分别为29.2、30.0和37.0 mm;9株菌对甘蔗鞭黑粉菌“+”型担孢子具有拮抗活性,总阳性率为25.00%,抑菌圈直径为6.3~23.4 mm,其中菌侏BLM0143和BLM0019具有强抑制作用,抑菌圈直径分别为21.8和23.4 mm;13株菌对甘蔗鞭黑粉菌“-”型担孢子具有拮抗活性,总阳性率为36.11%,抑菌圈直径为8.3~24.5 mm,其中菌株BLM0143、BLM0091和BLM0019具有強的拮抗作用,抑菌圈直径分别为20.9、23.0和24.5 mm;有13株菌具有同时抑制3种或2种甘蔗鞭黑粉菌形态的能力,其中菌株BLM0019对病原菌菌丝体和2种担孢子均表现出强抑制作用(表2)。阴性对照组无抑菌圈,阳性对照组抑菌圈明显,抑菌圈直径为22.9 mm。
3 讨论
近年来,国内外已有大量文献报道了对油菜菌核病菌、水稻纹枯病菌和草莓炭疽病菌等作物病害菌具有强拮抗作用的阿尔伯龙链霉菌(S. albolongus)、革兰链霉菌(S. corchorusii)和禾本氏链霉菌(S. gramineus)等链霉菌属菌种,而陆栖放线菌,尤其是链霉菌已成为植物生防杀菌剂研究开发的热点(Zacky and Ting,2013;Yang et al., 2015;吴颖等,2016)。同时,在农业生产中链霉菌产生的次生代谢产物(如植物促生因子)可制作成营养元素或植物保护剂(Reddy et al., 2016)。在微生物农药开发中,放线菌占有不可替代的地位,且农用抗生素大多数来源于放线菌的次生代谢产物(Xu et al.,2014),如阿维菌素、多杀菌素和杀稻瘟素-S等放线菌次级代谢产物。但微生物农药在应用过程中也存在诸多问题,如药效慢、时效性低和稳定性差及在推广时出现的技术复杂化、时机难把握和高成本等问题,寻找具有多样性的次级代谢产物和生物活性独特的菌种资源成为解决这一瓶颈的关键(Ji et al., 2016)。
相对于陆地环境,红树林强辐射、高盐、低氧、低光照和高压等特殊环境蕴藏着丰富而特异的微生物类群(Lee et al., 2014),是新型生物活性分子和放线菌新菌的重要来源。根据相关文献报道,近20年来,从红树林中发现的放线菌新物种共有73个(含6个新属),其中大部分来自于土壤及沉积物,而红树林植物内生放线菌来源的仅有2个新属和6个新种(Takeuchi and Hatano K,1998;闫蕾蕾等, 2011;洪葵, 2013;Liu et al., 2017)。微生物所产次级代谢产物具有菌株至种属水平的特异性(Jensen et al., 2007),而新物种发现新活性天然产物的潜力相对较大(Takahashi and Omura,2003)。本研究从广西北仑河口红树林底泥样品中共分离得到36株放线菌,分布于6目9科12属。对36株放线菌开展抑菌活性试验,发现分离得到的5株潜在放线菌新物种中有3株具有抗甘蔗鞭黑粉菌活性,丰富了植物生防菌的筛选范围,后期将对这5株潜在放线菌新物种及抑菌活性较好的菌株产生的活性物质进行研究。本研究结果表明,广西北仑河口红树林底泥中承载多样性丰富的放线菌资源,具有产生丰富代谢产物和发现新抗生素及放线菌新物种的潜力,为研制新型农用杀菌剂提供了重要的参考依据。 4 结论
广西北仑河口红树林底泥微生物具有丰富的多样性,通过分离培养基获得的放线菌隶属于6目9科12属,其中有5株为放线菌潜在新物种,具有开发成新型农用生防杀菌剂的潜力。
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