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Abstract Based on the investigation on the wetland resources of Bashan Lake in Chongqing， the existing problems in the protection and utilization of Bashan Lake wetland and Chongqing Bashan National Wetland Park were analyzed. Specific suggestions were put forward， which provided basic references for the protection of Bashan Lake wetland and construction of Chongqing Bashan Lake National Wetland Park.
Key words Bashan Lake； Wetland resources； Wetland park； Investigation analysis； Suggestion
Received： December 23， 2017 Accepted： January 8， 2018
Supported by the Study on the Ecological Restoration of Chongqing Bashan Lake National Wetland Park of the Science Research Project of Chengkou County， Chongqing Municipality.
Zhengchun WANG （1981-）， male， P. R. China， master， Senior Engineer， devoted to research about wetland ecology， biotechnology.
*Corresponding author. Email： 819312338 @qq.com
Located in Chengkou County of Chongqing Municipality， Chongqing Bashan Lake is a river wetland in the northern subtropical humid monsoon climate zone. It is typical and representative in Chinas QinlingBashan Mountains for its wetland and forest complex ecosystem consisting of permanent rivers， floodplain[2] wetlands， beach[2] and forests， which has high scientific value and protection value. Chongqing Bashan Lake National Wetland Park is under construction， and in order to strengthen the protection of Bashan Lake wetland and the construction of Chongqing Bashan Lake National Wetland Park， the investigation of Bashang Lake wetland resources was carried out and completed in 2016.
Basic Situation Investigation
Geographic location
Bashan Lake mainly includes Bashan reservoir and its downstream counties within the scope of Ren River in Chengkou County， and the surrounding buffer zone. It goes like a gallery corridor from southeast to northwest with the most southeastern end to Jianjiawan power station， the most northwestern end to the cross section of Ren River out of Chengkou County. The geographical coordinates are 108°25′5 ″- 108°36′32″E， 32°1′46″-32°7′11″N.
Geology and geomorphology
Located in the southern foot of Daba Mountains， Bashan Lake belongs to the southern margin of the arcshaped fold belt of Daba Mountains. It consists of a series of echelon fractures and thrust faults from the northwest to the eastwest. Chongqing Bashan National Wetland Park is mainly dominated by rivers， low valleys and beaches. Climate
Located in Sichuan Basin which has the northern subtropical mountain climate， Bashan Lake is within the subtropical monsoon climate zone. Due to the high mountains and low valleys， there are significant differences in elevations， with the characteristics of threedimensional mountain climate.
Hydrology
Bashan Lake has welldeveloped surface water system with dense river network， and all rivers belong to the Yangtze River system. In the north， there is Ren River system in the Hanjiang River basin， and the Qian River system in the Jialing River basin is in the south. Ren River and Qian River are the two major rivers within the border. Bashan reservoir is located northwest of Bashan town， and the normal water level of the reservoir is 680.0 m with the corresponding reservoir area of 6.02 km2， total reservoir capacity of 315.5 million m3， regulation storage capacity of 143 million m3.
Soil
The soil of Chengkou County， in which Baoshan Lake is located， belongs to the subtropical mountains in the yellow mountain soil area of northeastern Sichuan Basin. Chongqing Bashan National Wetland Park is mainly composed of yellow mountain soil， mountain yellow brown soil and brown soil， and a little amount of mountain ashbrown soil and ashed soil as well as subalpine meadow soil. All soil types show neutral and slightly acidic reaction.
Land use status
Chongqing Bashan Lake National Wetland Park has a total area of 1 116.3 hm2， in which the wetland area is 587.8 hm2， accounting for 52.7% of the total land area； forest area is 501.3 hm2， accounting for 44.9% of the total land area； hydraulic construction land area is 10.6 hm2， accounting for 0.9% of the total land area； other land area is 16.6 hm2， accounting for 1.5% of the total land area. The area of each land type is shown in Table 1.
Population
Bashan Lake and Wetland Park have the spans over two towns， Bashan Town and Longtian Township. There are 10 administrative villages and 1 community in Bashan Town， with a total population of 14 000， of which rural population is 13 000. Longtian Township has 8 villages， 57 villagers group under its jurisdiction， with a total of 2 346 households and 9 208 people， of which 8 842 are agricultural population， accounting for 97.3% of the total population. The population relocated in Bashan Reservoir is 2 605 of 547 households.
Table 1 Land use status of Chongqing Bashan Lake National Wetland Park No.Land typeArea∥hm2Proportion in thetotal area∥%
1Wetland587.852.7
2Forest 501.344.9
3Hydraulic onstruction land10.60.9
4Other land16.61.5
5Total 1 116.3100.0
Survey Method and Content
Survey method
The main method of this survey was data collection and field investigation.
Survey contents
Taking Chongqing BaShan Lake National Wetland Park as the main area， the survey investigated the biodiversity， environmental factors， wetland landscape， utilization status and protection status， and the construction of wetland park in Bashan Lake.
Survey Results
Baoshan Lake biological diversity survey
Plant resources
There were 950 species of seed plants in and around Bashan Lake wetland area， belonging to 185 families. Ferns： 32 families， 76 species； gymnosperms： 9 families， 19 species； angiosperms： 144 families， 855 species， of which： dicotyledons： 123 families， 684 species， monocotyledons： 21 families， 171 species.
The vegetation resources of Chongqing Bashan Lake National Wetland Park are divided into four major categories： arbor， shrub， woody vine and bamboo. Common dominant species are： oaks， birch， Pinus armandi， P. massoniana， China fir， fir， hemlock， cypress， P. henryi， poplar. Rare tree species are Metasequoia， Davidia involucrata， ginkgo， Eucommia ulmoides， Liriodendron chinense， Emmenopterys henryi， Picea neoveitchii， Thuja sutchuenensis， Taxus， Magnolia officinalis， Ormosia hosiei， Cedrela toona， Picea brachytyla， Cephalotaxus fortunei， Keteeeria davidiana， camphor wood， Phoebe zhennan and so on.
Animal resources
A total of 250 species of wild vertebrates were found in the Bashan Lake wetland area， belonging to65 families， 25 orders and 5 orders through field investigation and data collation. Among them， there were 60 species of fish， 12 species of amphibians， falling into 4 families of 2 orders， 17 reptiles of 6 families of 2 orders， 124 species of birds of 36 families of 15 orders， 37 species of mammalian of 19 families of 6 orders.
Plant and animal resources of key protection
There were 18 national key protected plants already known in Bashan Lake， of which 3 were state firstlevel key protected plants in China， namely： ginkgo， Metasequoia， Taxus chinensis， and the other 15 species were state secondlevel key protected plants in China. There are a great variety of wild animals distributed in Bashan Lake in Chongqing， including 1 species of key protected animals at the national level， which was forest musk deer， 18 species of key protected animals at the national second level of China， and 38 species of key protected animals at the municipal level. Among them， there were 7 fishes unique to the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. As for the beasts， there was 1 species of key protection at the national first level， 4 species of national secondary level of key protection， 8 species of key protection in the municipal level， 12 of palaearctic species， and 22 of cosmopolitan species. Bashan Lake environmental factors
Soil loss situation Bashan Lake wetland is located in the area with heavy rain in Daba Mountains， where there is abundant rainfall and frequent floods， so the natural vegetations have almost been destroyed. In this region， gully erosion[3] was serious， which continuously extended upwards and gradually widened， resulting in serious soil erosion and accumulation of alluvial deposits in the flat area at the mouth.
Atmospheric environment
The pollution sources of the atmospheric environment in this region were mainly the dust from construction， TSP[4] and bitumen， with a few pollution sources.
Acoustic environment
Noises were mainly the mechanical noise， construction operation noise and construction vehicle noise from the construction projects in the surrounding areas.
Solid wastes Solid wastes were mainly the construction waste and white waste， including construction waste， spoil in the process of construction， as well as the domestic waste generated from the upper reaches.
Water environment
Water pollution was mainly caused by oil spilling and leakage， which was likely to happen during the excavation and maintenance of the project implementation stage. The oil could flow into the receiving water body by ways of rain wash， which could increase the content of SS， COD and oil， and decrease DO of the receiving water body. Meanwhile， the scattered discharge of domestic sewage from the peasant households around the wetland park and the discharge of domestic sewage of residents in Bashan town to Ren River without any treatment seriously affected the water environment of the wetland park. In addition， the use of herbicides and pesticides in the surroundings of the wetland park also led to water pollution and danger to wetlands.
Human behaviors
The engineering construction surrounding the Baoshan Lake made many area unable to be repaired， and some wild animals had lost their migratory feeding sites； during the peak tourist season， the number of tourists in some attractions greatly exceeded the limit of environmental capacity， and the ecologically fragile areas were overwhelmed.
Bashan Lake wetland landscape
The clear water， green mountains， meandered rivers and vast water area makes Bashan Lake an area with combined wetland ecosystem composed of rivers， ponds and floodplain wetland， showing diversified wetland landscapes.
Water landscape Bashan Lake is located at about 1 km upstream of Bashan Town in the west of Chengkou County. The mountains on both sides of Bashan Lake embrace the mountains and form a landscape of 23 kilometers of high mountains and flat lake. The differences in the elevation of the mountain bodies form a clear canyon landscape. The vast lake， thick forests， green farming products make Bashan Lake form the landscape features of "high mountains， flat lake， great canyon". Bashan hydropower station is mainly to generate electricity， but also has the integrated functions of tourism and improving ecological environment， making it a key project in the comprehensive management of Ren River.
Forest landscape
Bashan Lake has Ren River and Bashan Reservoir on both sides， and the peaks of different sizes rise one after another， varying in shapes. The complex terrain and the lush forest vegetation form a wellstructured and functionally integrated wetlandforest composite ecosystem， becoming a natural picture scroll of landscapes and mountains， which also enables people to appreciate the harmonious beauty of the green hills and water.
Cultural landscape
Chengkou County has a profound history of red culture. It is the first county to put up the banner of the local Red Army， the first county to capture the county seat by the local Red Army， the first county to welcome the main force of the Red Army of the Chinese Workers and Peasants， also the only old revolutionary base area that has established Soviet regime， and an important part of the revolutionary base in Sichuan and Shaanxi. The historic site of Soviet regime is located in Bashan town， while there are many other sites typical of the Red Army ruins. The "Money Stick Dance" of Chengkou is listed as a nonmaterial cultural heritage in Chongqing， forming a unique folk custom of Bashan with folk songs， flower drums， lion dance， color boat dance， gongs and drums and filial piety songs. Chengkou County has colorful folk customes， rich local flavor， distinctive local characteristics， making it the hometown of folk culture and arts in Chongqing Municipality.
Land use status and protection measures
Land use status
Setting up fishing platforms
Floating fishing platforms have been established in Bashan Lake， a total of 40 floating fishing platforms. By the end 2016， a total of 5 outdoor fishing competitions took place in Bashan Lake， which enriched the tourism and attracted more tourists. Life service
In order to boost the development of tourism industry， "Forest Home in Daba Mountains" has been set up. There are44 farmers houses in the area of Bashan Lake， which guarantees living conditions for activities such as fishing and boating in Bashan Lake.
Sand mining situation
Sand mining area is located in the dam of Ren River and Yaojia， outside the Bashan Lake Wetland Park， which has the annual sand mining output of about 200 000 t. Due to the increasing market demand， the sand mining operation has been aggravated day by day， destroying the evolution of watercourses， the situation of incoming and outgoing water and the flood control channel， and a large amount of sewage has been produced during sand mining operations， seriously damaging the water ecological balance.
Status of waterlevelfluctuating zone and flood plain
Waterlevelfluctuating zone： the seasonal water rising and periodic water storage of Bashan Reservoir gives rise to about 23 km of waterlevelfluctuating zone， which has fragile ecology， unitary vegetation resources， and only a few of the herbs can survive. There are basically no plants such as arbors and shrubs. The upland field has poor water retention capacity， and the habitat environment is poor for the aquatic plants and animals. The waterlevelfluctuating zone has poor habitat conditions， steep slopes， little available area， which is unable to proceed normal productive life， so Bashan Lake coastal area is basically free of human interference.
Flood plain： Flood plain is along the river under the steel bridge in Bashan Town with an area of about 3 400 m2. The plants there are mainly Debregeasia edulis， vine plants and weeds， but havent formed a certain size groups， so the marshland has poor cleaning capacity， poor ability of carbon fixation， low vegetation diversity and poor landscape effect.
Agricultural Biotechnology2018
Protection status
Proliferation and releasing
Bashan Lake is rich in fish resources. Each year， hundreds of thousands of fish fry are put into Bashan Reservoir to increase the diversity of fish resources， and artificial fish nests are placed along the coast to enhance the survival rate of fish eggs. Efforts have been step up to fight against the behaviors of poisoning fish， netting fish and shocking fish to ensure the sustainability of fishery resources.
Waterfront protection
In order to strengthen the cultivation and protection of tourism resources， Bashan Town has completed more than 33.33 hm2 of greening in front of the dam and over 600 hm2 of afforestation on barren hillsides in the reservoir area. Forest pest detection
From March to April or from September to October each year， the Chengkou Forestry Bureau conducts the surveying and screening of pine wilt disease and conducts inspections on areas with frequent human activities such as river banks， traffic routes and scenic spots. Photos are taken to the pine trees with suspicious incidence， and samples are collected according to the upper， middle and lower locations. The samples are marked and sent for testing in the Forest Plant Disease and Pest Control Quarantine Station of Chengkou Forest Bureau to determine whether the outbreak occurs.
Forest fire prevention
Multichannel， multiformat， allround and vigorous forest fire prevention and promotion work has been launched to raise public awareness of forest fire prevention in an allround way and enhance the enthusiasm and initiative of the whole society to participate in forest fire prevention work. First， propagandas like "Child Educating Adult" forest fire prevention and other laws and regulations have been carried out under the joint efforts of the police stations of township （street）， and areas under the jurisdiction together with the school， which strengthens the publicity on forest fire prevention among primary and middle school students and truly achieves the effect of "educating one person， leading one area and driving one side. Second， vigorous propaganda has been carried out in concentration time.
Five Actions of environmental protection in Chengkou County[5]
The implementation of the five actions of blue sky， clear water， tranquility， green space and pastoral life in Chengkou County solves the current specific environmental problems， creating a good production and living environment for the masses， and further safeguarding and improving peoples livelihood.
Wetland Park construction
Chongqing Bashan National Wetland Park mainly includes the Bashan Reservoir and its downstream river mouth within the scope of the county and the surrounding buffer zone. The Wetland Park has a total area of 1 116.3 hm2， and the wetland has a total area of 587.8 hm2.
Transportation
In order to improve the traffic environment for tourism， the Black Bay Tunnel Project of Long （Tian） Huang （Xi） Road was completed to further improve the tourism traffic network. The riverside park and fitness trail construction， Liujiapo lake lanes hardening， over 20 km of lake walkway project spanning 5 villages were also completed， and the construction of rural tourism demonstration area centered with Pingshang Village has started. Nursery garden
The nursery base is located in front of No.1 Community Square of Xinling Village， Bashan Town. The planting area is 15 472 m2， mainly consisting of sweetscented osmanthus， crape myrtle， begonia and Chinese yew， not only increasing the plant diversity of the wetland park but also enhancing the landscape effect of the wetland park.
Public service reception center
The wetland mission center has been set up beside the dam of Bashan Reservoir. It has a multimedia exhibition center， a propaganda exhibition hall， equipped with exhibiting and displaying cabinets， office appliances and computers， projectors， TV sets and video recorders. Pictures， material objects and film screenings are used to show visitors the beautiful natural scenery and cultural heritage of the Wetland Park， and also to show the great achievements of mankind in using wetlands and protecting wetlands， gradually raising peoples awareness of wetlands and consciously forming good habits of wetlands protection. The wetland mission center mainly includes the wetland park plant specimen display missionary center， the wetland park animal specimen display missionary center， the Bashan reservoir comprehensive function exhibition hall， the wetland park construction display mission hall and the multimedia exhibition hall center.
Wetland Cultural Square
Wetland Cultural Square is mainly used as the external image display stage of Wetland Park， which is constructed with local wetland culture， Qinba culture， red culture and water culture as the main line， including wetland culture wall， wetland miniature， wetland embossments， activity stage， musical fountain and other construction contents. During the tourist peak season， various forms of wetland cultural display activities， such as wetland cultural mission week， wetland knowledge questionnaire， wetland quiz， wetland animal and plant identification， are carried out.
Xinling Village Cultural Square
The culture square of Xinling Village， Bashan Town of Chengkou County can accommodate more than 500 people for recreational entertainment. According to statistics， after the completion of the square， nearly hundreds of people gather here each night， playing chess， playing the Dragon Gate， perfoming the Baba dance and doing other things， which fully embodies the rich and colorful cultural life of the masses and builds the picture of neighborhood unity and friendship， social harmony.
Analysis on Survey Results Bashan Lake in Chongqing is an important part of Daba Mountains. With vast water area and beach， it is an ideal place for many birds to inhabit and breed. It is also an important stop for many migratory waterfowls and an ideal place for ecological research. At the same time， there are still huge challenges in the restoration and protection of Bashan Lake wetland.
Natural environmental factors of Bashan Lake
Natural factors affecting Bashan Lake wetland are mainly climate， geology and vegetation. In the climate category， the temperature in spring picks up quickly and is not stable， often occurring "late spring cold"； the rainfall in summer is concentrated， and droughts often occur in July and August， while floods are common before and after the hot summer days. In autumn， the temperature falls quickly， and there tends to be lots of rainy days； the winter is long and cold. As for the geological categories， the main factor is the siltation of river sediments， resulting in riverbank collapse， obvious gully in fluctuation zone， serious soil erosion and so on. In terms of vegetation， the main factor is the unitary vegetation in the fluctuation zone of the reservoir， making it have low diversity.
Biodiversity of Bashan Lake
The hygrophyte species are few and unitary in the regions like the waterlevelfluctuating zone in Bashan， especially after the impoundment period， when most of the plants are drowned， only a small part can survive， such as Morus alba， Rosa multiflora， Eleusine indica， Campsis grandiflora. Therefore， the coverage of wetland vegetation is drastically reduced， by this time， the community is less hierarchical， the vertical structure is not strong， the utilization efficiency of resources is low， the features of wetland productivity are hard to be exerted， nor is it conducive to the improvement of environmental heterogeneity， and it is also hard to provide habitats for more species， which ultimately affect the species diversity of community and the stability of the system.
Human factors
Environmental pollution
As for environmental pollution， the impacts from solid wastes and water environment pollution are the greatest.
Solid wastes
The rural villagers in the surroundings of the wetland has relatively weak awareness of environmental protection， and they are more tended to abuse and dump white rubbish， making the plastic rubbish not properly disposed of. The rubbish in the upper reaches of Bashan Lake can accumulate in the downstream coasts with the fluctuation of water level in the reservoir area， which， on the one hand， affects the overall landscape effect of the wetland park， and on the other hand， the accumulation of rubbish is easy to breed bacteria and spread diseases. Water pollution
According to the water quality monitoring data provided by the Chengkou Environmental Protection Monitoring Station， the water quality of Bashan Lake has reached the national Class II standard. However， the pesticides， fertilizers， herbicides used by the surrounding farmers and the sewage drainage from the peasant households， waste water from brickyard operations and discharge of domestic sewage in urban residential areas pose great threatens to water environment and aquatic animals and plants， seriously affecting the ecological functions of wetland park.
Ecotourism threat
Ecotourism has dual characters. On the one hand， it can promote socioeconomic and cultural development. On the other hand， it also brings certain pressure on wetlands. Since Basha Lake wetland， especially the park， has superior natural landscape and rich cultural landscape， there are more and more tourists coming for sightseeing， which will inevitably cause great disturbance and threat to the survival and reproduction of wetland species.
Unreasonable development and utilization
Sand mining
Sand mining has adversely affected the stability of rivers in some sections of the river. Overburden and indiscriminate excavation of sand mining， most of which is in the incident flow area of the main channel and the central shoals， can cause riverbed cut， resulting in changes in river flow， reduction of water level， which greatly threatens both sides of the river as well as the growth of aquatic plants.
5
The instability of the water level in the reservoir area also makes the fishing platforms on continuous movement， which not only affects the greening and overall image of the reservoir area， but also restricts the development of the local tourism industry. In addition， it threatens the diversity of fish resources to a certain extent， and there is also a big security risk.
Suggestions
First， step up publicity， set up publicity terminus on places with frequently activities and on the tourist routes surrounding the wetland park so as to enhance the awareness of the general public on the protection of nature and nature， and set up bins in tourism areas and areas with frequent human activities.
Second， take appropriate measures to protect the existing valuable species， good ecological systems and natural environment on both banks of the Bashan Reservoir and on both banks of Ren River， and restore and remediate the degraded or lost habitats. On the premise of maintaining the original ecological functions， transform the coastal spatial form and plant landscape to meet the requirements of tourists for viewing and playing. Third， control the amount of sand mining amount or open up other sand mining sites.
Fourth， control fishing competition scale and frequency.
Fifth， construct some small wetlands for peasant households to purify sewage through wetlands； construct sewage treatment stations in residential areas with large sewage flow rates and carry out further purification treatment by combining with the construction of wetlands.
Sixth， construct buffer pools and drainage ditches in the upper part of the gully to ease the flood and erosion caused by heavy rain； clear the loose soil above the gully， and make use of soil compaction or planting turfs to fix soil and preserve soil moisture.
Seventh， select the demonstration base in the lower section of Xinling Village of Bashan Lake Park to repair the available fluctuation belt； dig some basins in the dry land to increase the varieties of aquatic plants and improve aquatic plant community.
References
[1] WANG RS， WANG YY， YANG Q， et al. The current situation， problems and countermeasures of wetland resources in China[J]. Resources Science， 2000， 22 （1）： 9-13.
[2] XIAO L. Wetland resources and protection in China[J]. Biology Teaching， 2002.27 （11）： 42-43.
[3] BORK HR， LI Y， ZHAO YT， et al. Land use changes and gully development in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River[J]. Journal of Mountain Science， 2001， 19 （2）： 97-103.
[4] ZHAO Y， YU L， ZHANG CH， et al. Spatial dispersion laws of particulate matter from construction work site of municipal engineering[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences， 2010，19 （11）： 2625-2628.
[5] DUAN CH. Implementation of environmental protection five major actions to build an ecological civilization in Yubei[J]. Chongqing Administration （Public Forum）， 2014，15 （4）： 40-41.
Key words Bashan Lake； Wetland resources； Wetland park； Investigation analysis； Suggestion
Received： December 23， 2017 Accepted： January 8， 2018
Supported by the Study on the Ecological Restoration of Chongqing Bashan Lake National Wetland Park of the Science Research Project of Chengkou County， Chongqing Municipality.
Zhengchun WANG （1981-）， male， P. R. China， master， Senior Engineer， devoted to research about wetland ecology， biotechnology.
*Corresponding author. Email： 819312338 @qq.com
Located in Chengkou County of Chongqing Municipality， Chongqing Bashan Lake is a river wetland in the northern subtropical humid monsoon climate zone. It is typical and representative in Chinas QinlingBashan Mountains for its wetland and forest complex ecosystem consisting of permanent rivers， floodplain[2] wetlands， beach[2] and forests， which has high scientific value and protection value. Chongqing Bashan Lake National Wetland Park is under construction， and in order to strengthen the protection of Bashan Lake wetland and the construction of Chongqing Bashan Lake National Wetland Park， the investigation of Bashang Lake wetland resources was carried out and completed in 2016.
Basic Situation Investigation
Geographic location
Bashan Lake mainly includes Bashan reservoir and its downstream counties within the scope of Ren River in Chengkou County， and the surrounding buffer zone. It goes like a gallery corridor from southeast to northwest with the most southeastern end to Jianjiawan power station， the most northwestern end to the cross section of Ren River out of Chengkou County. The geographical coordinates are 108°25′5 ″- 108°36′32″E， 32°1′46″-32°7′11″N.
Geology and geomorphology
Located in the southern foot of Daba Mountains， Bashan Lake belongs to the southern margin of the arcshaped fold belt of Daba Mountains. It consists of a series of echelon fractures and thrust faults from the northwest to the eastwest. Chongqing Bashan National Wetland Park is mainly dominated by rivers， low valleys and beaches. Climate
Located in Sichuan Basin which has the northern subtropical mountain climate， Bashan Lake is within the subtropical monsoon climate zone. Due to the high mountains and low valleys， there are significant differences in elevations， with the characteristics of threedimensional mountain climate.
Hydrology
Bashan Lake has welldeveloped surface water system with dense river network， and all rivers belong to the Yangtze River system. In the north， there is Ren River system in the Hanjiang River basin， and the Qian River system in the Jialing River basin is in the south. Ren River and Qian River are the two major rivers within the border. Bashan reservoir is located northwest of Bashan town， and the normal water level of the reservoir is 680.0 m with the corresponding reservoir area of 6.02 km2， total reservoir capacity of 315.5 million m3， regulation storage capacity of 143 million m3.
Soil
The soil of Chengkou County， in which Baoshan Lake is located， belongs to the subtropical mountains in the yellow mountain soil area of northeastern Sichuan Basin. Chongqing Bashan National Wetland Park is mainly composed of yellow mountain soil， mountain yellow brown soil and brown soil， and a little amount of mountain ashbrown soil and ashed soil as well as subalpine meadow soil. All soil types show neutral and slightly acidic reaction.
Land use status
Chongqing Bashan Lake National Wetland Park has a total area of 1 116.3 hm2， in which the wetland area is 587.8 hm2， accounting for 52.7% of the total land area； forest area is 501.3 hm2， accounting for 44.9% of the total land area； hydraulic construction land area is 10.6 hm2， accounting for 0.9% of the total land area； other land area is 16.6 hm2， accounting for 1.5% of the total land area. The area of each land type is shown in Table 1.
Population
Bashan Lake and Wetland Park have the spans over two towns， Bashan Town and Longtian Township. There are 10 administrative villages and 1 community in Bashan Town， with a total population of 14 000， of which rural population is 13 000. Longtian Township has 8 villages， 57 villagers group under its jurisdiction， with a total of 2 346 households and 9 208 people， of which 8 842 are agricultural population， accounting for 97.3% of the total population. The population relocated in Bashan Reservoir is 2 605 of 547 households.
Table 1 Land use status of Chongqing Bashan Lake National Wetland Park No.Land typeArea∥hm2Proportion in thetotal area∥%
1Wetland587.852.7
2Forest 501.344.9
3Hydraulic onstruction land10.60.9
4Other land16.61.5
5Total 1 116.3100.0
Survey Method and Content
Survey method
The main method of this survey was data collection and field investigation.
Survey contents
Taking Chongqing BaShan Lake National Wetland Park as the main area， the survey investigated the biodiversity， environmental factors， wetland landscape， utilization status and protection status， and the construction of wetland park in Bashan Lake.
Survey Results
Baoshan Lake biological diversity survey
Plant resources
There were 950 species of seed plants in and around Bashan Lake wetland area， belonging to 185 families. Ferns： 32 families， 76 species； gymnosperms： 9 families， 19 species； angiosperms： 144 families， 855 species， of which： dicotyledons： 123 families， 684 species， monocotyledons： 21 families， 171 species.
The vegetation resources of Chongqing Bashan Lake National Wetland Park are divided into four major categories： arbor， shrub， woody vine and bamboo. Common dominant species are： oaks， birch， Pinus armandi， P. massoniana， China fir， fir， hemlock， cypress， P. henryi， poplar. Rare tree species are Metasequoia， Davidia involucrata， ginkgo， Eucommia ulmoides， Liriodendron chinense， Emmenopterys henryi， Picea neoveitchii， Thuja sutchuenensis， Taxus， Magnolia officinalis， Ormosia hosiei， Cedrela toona， Picea brachytyla， Cephalotaxus fortunei， Keteeeria davidiana， camphor wood， Phoebe zhennan and so on.
Animal resources
A total of 250 species of wild vertebrates were found in the Bashan Lake wetland area， belonging to65 families， 25 orders and 5 orders through field investigation and data collation. Among them， there were 60 species of fish， 12 species of amphibians， falling into 4 families of 2 orders， 17 reptiles of 6 families of 2 orders， 124 species of birds of 36 families of 15 orders， 37 species of mammalian of 19 families of 6 orders.
Plant and animal resources of key protection
There were 18 national key protected plants already known in Bashan Lake， of which 3 were state firstlevel key protected plants in China， namely： ginkgo， Metasequoia， Taxus chinensis， and the other 15 species were state secondlevel key protected plants in China. There are a great variety of wild animals distributed in Bashan Lake in Chongqing， including 1 species of key protected animals at the national level， which was forest musk deer， 18 species of key protected animals at the national second level of China， and 38 species of key protected animals at the municipal level. Among them， there were 7 fishes unique to the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. As for the beasts， there was 1 species of key protection at the national first level， 4 species of national secondary level of key protection， 8 species of key protection in the municipal level， 12 of palaearctic species， and 22 of cosmopolitan species. Bashan Lake environmental factors
Soil loss situation Bashan Lake wetland is located in the area with heavy rain in Daba Mountains， where there is abundant rainfall and frequent floods， so the natural vegetations have almost been destroyed. In this region， gully erosion[3] was serious， which continuously extended upwards and gradually widened， resulting in serious soil erosion and accumulation of alluvial deposits in the flat area at the mouth.
Atmospheric environment
The pollution sources of the atmospheric environment in this region were mainly the dust from construction， TSP[4] and bitumen， with a few pollution sources.
Acoustic environment
Noises were mainly the mechanical noise， construction operation noise and construction vehicle noise from the construction projects in the surrounding areas.
Solid wastes Solid wastes were mainly the construction waste and white waste， including construction waste， spoil in the process of construction， as well as the domestic waste generated from the upper reaches.
Water environment
Water pollution was mainly caused by oil spilling and leakage， which was likely to happen during the excavation and maintenance of the project implementation stage. The oil could flow into the receiving water body by ways of rain wash， which could increase the content of SS， COD and oil， and decrease DO of the receiving water body. Meanwhile， the scattered discharge of domestic sewage from the peasant households around the wetland park and the discharge of domestic sewage of residents in Bashan town to Ren River without any treatment seriously affected the water environment of the wetland park. In addition， the use of herbicides and pesticides in the surroundings of the wetland park also led to water pollution and danger to wetlands.
Human behaviors
The engineering construction surrounding the Baoshan Lake made many area unable to be repaired， and some wild animals had lost their migratory feeding sites； during the peak tourist season， the number of tourists in some attractions greatly exceeded the limit of environmental capacity， and the ecologically fragile areas were overwhelmed.
Bashan Lake wetland landscape
The clear water， green mountains， meandered rivers and vast water area makes Bashan Lake an area with combined wetland ecosystem composed of rivers， ponds and floodplain wetland， showing diversified wetland landscapes.
Water landscape Bashan Lake is located at about 1 km upstream of Bashan Town in the west of Chengkou County. The mountains on both sides of Bashan Lake embrace the mountains and form a landscape of 23 kilometers of high mountains and flat lake. The differences in the elevation of the mountain bodies form a clear canyon landscape. The vast lake， thick forests， green farming products make Bashan Lake form the landscape features of "high mountains， flat lake， great canyon". Bashan hydropower station is mainly to generate electricity， but also has the integrated functions of tourism and improving ecological environment， making it a key project in the comprehensive management of Ren River.
Forest landscape
Bashan Lake has Ren River and Bashan Reservoir on both sides， and the peaks of different sizes rise one after another， varying in shapes. The complex terrain and the lush forest vegetation form a wellstructured and functionally integrated wetlandforest composite ecosystem， becoming a natural picture scroll of landscapes and mountains， which also enables people to appreciate the harmonious beauty of the green hills and water.
Cultural landscape
Chengkou County has a profound history of red culture. It is the first county to put up the banner of the local Red Army， the first county to capture the county seat by the local Red Army， the first county to welcome the main force of the Red Army of the Chinese Workers and Peasants， also the only old revolutionary base area that has established Soviet regime， and an important part of the revolutionary base in Sichuan and Shaanxi. The historic site of Soviet regime is located in Bashan town， while there are many other sites typical of the Red Army ruins. The "Money Stick Dance" of Chengkou is listed as a nonmaterial cultural heritage in Chongqing， forming a unique folk custom of Bashan with folk songs， flower drums， lion dance， color boat dance， gongs and drums and filial piety songs. Chengkou County has colorful folk customes， rich local flavor， distinctive local characteristics， making it the hometown of folk culture and arts in Chongqing Municipality.
Land use status and protection measures
Land use status
Setting up fishing platforms
Floating fishing platforms have been established in Bashan Lake， a total of 40 floating fishing platforms. By the end 2016， a total of 5 outdoor fishing competitions took place in Bashan Lake， which enriched the tourism and attracted more tourists. Life service
In order to boost the development of tourism industry， "Forest Home in Daba Mountains" has been set up. There are44 farmers houses in the area of Bashan Lake， which guarantees living conditions for activities such as fishing and boating in Bashan Lake.
Sand mining situation
Sand mining area is located in the dam of Ren River and Yaojia， outside the Bashan Lake Wetland Park， which has the annual sand mining output of about 200 000 t. Due to the increasing market demand， the sand mining operation has been aggravated day by day， destroying the evolution of watercourses， the situation of incoming and outgoing water and the flood control channel， and a large amount of sewage has been produced during sand mining operations， seriously damaging the water ecological balance.
Status of waterlevelfluctuating zone and flood plain
Waterlevelfluctuating zone： the seasonal water rising and periodic water storage of Bashan Reservoir gives rise to about 23 km of waterlevelfluctuating zone， which has fragile ecology， unitary vegetation resources， and only a few of the herbs can survive. There are basically no plants such as arbors and shrubs. The upland field has poor water retention capacity， and the habitat environment is poor for the aquatic plants and animals. The waterlevelfluctuating zone has poor habitat conditions， steep slopes， little available area， which is unable to proceed normal productive life， so Bashan Lake coastal area is basically free of human interference.
Flood plain： Flood plain is along the river under the steel bridge in Bashan Town with an area of about 3 400 m2. The plants there are mainly Debregeasia edulis， vine plants and weeds， but havent formed a certain size groups， so the marshland has poor cleaning capacity， poor ability of carbon fixation， low vegetation diversity and poor landscape effect.
Agricultural Biotechnology2018
Protection status
Proliferation and releasing
Bashan Lake is rich in fish resources. Each year， hundreds of thousands of fish fry are put into Bashan Reservoir to increase the diversity of fish resources， and artificial fish nests are placed along the coast to enhance the survival rate of fish eggs. Efforts have been step up to fight against the behaviors of poisoning fish， netting fish and shocking fish to ensure the sustainability of fishery resources.
Waterfront protection
In order to strengthen the cultivation and protection of tourism resources， Bashan Town has completed more than 33.33 hm2 of greening in front of the dam and over 600 hm2 of afforestation on barren hillsides in the reservoir area. Forest pest detection
From March to April or from September to October each year， the Chengkou Forestry Bureau conducts the surveying and screening of pine wilt disease and conducts inspections on areas with frequent human activities such as river banks， traffic routes and scenic spots. Photos are taken to the pine trees with suspicious incidence， and samples are collected according to the upper， middle and lower locations. The samples are marked and sent for testing in the Forest Plant Disease and Pest Control Quarantine Station of Chengkou Forest Bureau to determine whether the outbreak occurs.
Forest fire prevention
Multichannel， multiformat， allround and vigorous forest fire prevention and promotion work has been launched to raise public awareness of forest fire prevention in an allround way and enhance the enthusiasm and initiative of the whole society to participate in forest fire prevention work. First， propagandas like "Child Educating Adult" forest fire prevention and other laws and regulations have been carried out under the joint efforts of the police stations of township （street）， and areas under the jurisdiction together with the school， which strengthens the publicity on forest fire prevention among primary and middle school students and truly achieves the effect of "educating one person， leading one area and driving one side. Second， vigorous propaganda has been carried out in concentration time.
Five Actions of environmental protection in Chengkou County[5]
The implementation of the five actions of blue sky， clear water， tranquility， green space and pastoral life in Chengkou County solves the current specific environmental problems， creating a good production and living environment for the masses， and further safeguarding and improving peoples livelihood.
Wetland Park construction
Chongqing Bashan National Wetland Park mainly includes the Bashan Reservoir and its downstream river mouth within the scope of the county and the surrounding buffer zone. The Wetland Park has a total area of 1 116.3 hm2， and the wetland has a total area of 587.8 hm2.
Transportation
In order to improve the traffic environment for tourism， the Black Bay Tunnel Project of Long （Tian） Huang （Xi） Road was completed to further improve the tourism traffic network. The riverside park and fitness trail construction， Liujiapo lake lanes hardening， over 20 km of lake walkway project spanning 5 villages were also completed， and the construction of rural tourism demonstration area centered with Pingshang Village has started. Nursery garden
The nursery base is located in front of No.1 Community Square of Xinling Village， Bashan Town. The planting area is 15 472 m2， mainly consisting of sweetscented osmanthus， crape myrtle， begonia and Chinese yew， not only increasing the plant diversity of the wetland park but also enhancing the landscape effect of the wetland park.
Public service reception center
The wetland mission center has been set up beside the dam of Bashan Reservoir. It has a multimedia exhibition center， a propaganda exhibition hall， equipped with exhibiting and displaying cabinets， office appliances and computers， projectors， TV sets and video recorders. Pictures， material objects and film screenings are used to show visitors the beautiful natural scenery and cultural heritage of the Wetland Park， and also to show the great achievements of mankind in using wetlands and protecting wetlands， gradually raising peoples awareness of wetlands and consciously forming good habits of wetlands protection. The wetland mission center mainly includes the wetland park plant specimen display missionary center， the wetland park animal specimen display missionary center， the Bashan reservoir comprehensive function exhibition hall， the wetland park construction display mission hall and the multimedia exhibition hall center.
Wetland Cultural Square
Wetland Cultural Square is mainly used as the external image display stage of Wetland Park， which is constructed with local wetland culture， Qinba culture， red culture and water culture as the main line， including wetland culture wall， wetland miniature， wetland embossments， activity stage， musical fountain and other construction contents. During the tourist peak season， various forms of wetland cultural display activities， such as wetland cultural mission week， wetland knowledge questionnaire， wetland quiz， wetland animal and plant identification， are carried out.
Xinling Village Cultural Square
The culture square of Xinling Village， Bashan Town of Chengkou County can accommodate more than 500 people for recreational entertainment. According to statistics， after the completion of the square， nearly hundreds of people gather here each night， playing chess， playing the Dragon Gate， perfoming the Baba dance and doing other things， which fully embodies the rich and colorful cultural life of the masses and builds the picture of neighborhood unity and friendship， social harmony.
Analysis on Survey Results Bashan Lake in Chongqing is an important part of Daba Mountains. With vast water area and beach， it is an ideal place for many birds to inhabit and breed. It is also an important stop for many migratory waterfowls and an ideal place for ecological research. At the same time， there are still huge challenges in the restoration and protection of Bashan Lake wetland.
Natural environmental factors of Bashan Lake
Natural factors affecting Bashan Lake wetland are mainly climate， geology and vegetation. In the climate category， the temperature in spring picks up quickly and is not stable， often occurring "late spring cold"； the rainfall in summer is concentrated， and droughts often occur in July and August， while floods are common before and after the hot summer days. In autumn， the temperature falls quickly， and there tends to be lots of rainy days； the winter is long and cold. As for the geological categories， the main factor is the siltation of river sediments， resulting in riverbank collapse， obvious gully in fluctuation zone， serious soil erosion and so on. In terms of vegetation， the main factor is the unitary vegetation in the fluctuation zone of the reservoir， making it have low diversity.
Biodiversity of Bashan Lake
The hygrophyte species are few and unitary in the regions like the waterlevelfluctuating zone in Bashan， especially after the impoundment period， when most of the plants are drowned， only a small part can survive， such as Morus alba， Rosa multiflora， Eleusine indica， Campsis grandiflora. Therefore， the coverage of wetland vegetation is drastically reduced， by this time， the community is less hierarchical， the vertical structure is not strong， the utilization efficiency of resources is low， the features of wetland productivity are hard to be exerted， nor is it conducive to the improvement of environmental heterogeneity， and it is also hard to provide habitats for more species， which ultimately affect the species diversity of community and the stability of the system.
Human factors
Environmental pollution
As for environmental pollution， the impacts from solid wastes and water environment pollution are the greatest.
Solid wastes
The rural villagers in the surroundings of the wetland has relatively weak awareness of environmental protection， and they are more tended to abuse and dump white rubbish， making the plastic rubbish not properly disposed of. The rubbish in the upper reaches of Bashan Lake can accumulate in the downstream coasts with the fluctuation of water level in the reservoir area， which， on the one hand， affects the overall landscape effect of the wetland park， and on the other hand， the accumulation of rubbish is easy to breed bacteria and spread diseases. Water pollution
According to the water quality monitoring data provided by the Chengkou Environmental Protection Monitoring Station， the water quality of Bashan Lake has reached the national Class II standard. However， the pesticides， fertilizers， herbicides used by the surrounding farmers and the sewage drainage from the peasant households， waste water from brickyard operations and discharge of domestic sewage in urban residential areas pose great threatens to water environment and aquatic animals and plants， seriously affecting the ecological functions of wetland park.
Ecotourism threat
Ecotourism has dual characters. On the one hand， it can promote socioeconomic and cultural development. On the other hand， it also brings certain pressure on wetlands. Since Basha Lake wetland， especially the park， has superior natural landscape and rich cultural landscape， there are more and more tourists coming for sightseeing， which will inevitably cause great disturbance and threat to the survival and reproduction of wetland species.
Unreasonable development and utilization
Sand mining
Sand mining has adversely affected the stability of rivers in some sections of the river. Overburden and indiscriminate excavation of sand mining， most of which is in the incident flow area of the main channel and the central shoals， can cause riverbed cut， resulting in changes in river flow， reduction of water level， which greatly threatens both sides of the river as well as the growth of aquatic plants.
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The instability of the water level in the reservoir area also makes the fishing platforms on continuous movement， which not only affects the greening and overall image of the reservoir area， but also restricts the development of the local tourism industry. In addition， it threatens the diversity of fish resources to a certain extent， and there is also a big security risk.
Suggestions
First， step up publicity， set up publicity terminus on places with frequently activities and on the tourist routes surrounding the wetland park so as to enhance the awareness of the general public on the protection of nature and nature， and set up bins in tourism areas and areas with frequent human activities.
Second， take appropriate measures to protect the existing valuable species， good ecological systems and natural environment on both banks of the Bashan Reservoir and on both banks of Ren River， and restore and remediate the degraded or lost habitats. On the premise of maintaining the original ecological functions， transform the coastal spatial form and plant landscape to meet the requirements of tourists for viewing and playing. Third， control the amount of sand mining amount or open up other sand mining sites.
Fourth， control fishing competition scale and frequency.
Fifth， construct some small wetlands for peasant households to purify sewage through wetlands； construct sewage treatment stations in residential areas with large sewage flow rates and carry out further purification treatment by combining with the construction of wetlands.
Sixth， construct buffer pools and drainage ditches in the upper part of the gully to ease the flood and erosion caused by heavy rain； clear the loose soil above the gully， and make use of soil compaction or planting turfs to fix soil and preserve soil moisture.
Seventh， select the demonstration base in the lower section of Xinling Village of Bashan Lake Park to repair the available fluctuation belt； dig some basins in the dry land to increase the varieties of aquatic plants and improve aquatic plant community.
References
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[3] BORK HR， LI Y， ZHAO YT， et al. Land use changes and gully development in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River[J]. Journal of Mountain Science， 2001， 19 （2）： 97-103.
[4] ZHAO Y， YU L， ZHANG CH， et al. Spatial dispersion laws of particulate matter from construction work site of municipal engineering[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences， 2010，19 （11）： 2625-2628.
[5] DUAN CH. Implementation of environmental protection five major actions to build an ecological civilization in Yubei[J]. Chongqing Administration （Public Forum）， 2014，15 （4）： 40-41.