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Abstract Through an overview of the construction and development process of the pomegranate specialized garden in Hefei Botanical Garden， the collection and application status of the pomegranate varieties in the specialized garden were introduced， and the significance of the construction of the pomegranate specialized garden and the related problems that exist and need to be solved urgently were analyzed. This paper put forward suggestions and solutions for the better application of pomegranate varieties in Hefei， laying a foundation for the later research on pomegranate.
Key words Pomegranate specialized garden; Construction and application; Exploration
Received： May 7， 2021 Accepted： July 1 2021
Jimei ZHANG （1983-）， female， P. R. China， senior engineer， devoted to research about garden plant cultivation and application.
*Corresponding author. E-mail： [email protected].
Pomegranate （Punica granatum L.） is a deciduous shrub or small tree belonging to the genus Punica in Punicaceae. It is also known as Anshiliu， Ruoliu， Danruo， Jinying， Jinpang， Tulin， etc. As a fruit tree， thousands of hectares of contiguous commodity pomegranate bases have formed in Lintong in Shaanxi Province， Zaozhuang in Shandong Province， Rongyang， Kaifeng and Fengqiu in Henan Province， Huaiyuan and Huaibei in Anhui Province， Mengzi， Qiaojia and Huize in Yunnan Province， Panzhihua and Xichang in Sichuan Province， and Xinjiang[1]. Pomegranate trees have a short crown， twisted branches， gorgeous flowers， and a long flowering period， and the flowers， fruit， leaves and branches of pomegranate have good ornamental value， so it is an excellent tree species for landscaping[2]. It can be seen that pomegranate is a rare and excellent tree species for both flowers and fruit， and it plays an important role in both landscaping and economy.
The Origin and Culture of Pomegranate
Pomegranate was originally produced in the Himalayas from ancient Persia to northwestern India. Its center is Persia and its surrounding areas， which are now Central Asia such as Iran and Afghanistan. It might be introduced from Central Asia into China in the Han Dynasty， and its cultivation history has been more than two thousand years[3-4].
Since ancient times， pomegranate flowers have attracted people’s love because of its fiery red color， and have been widely chanted by literati and writers. Cao Zhi wrote： "The leaves of the pomegranate planted in the front of the courtyard are light blue， swinging. The flowers are burning red， radiant and glorious." He likened the pomegranate flowers to a beautiful girl. Pan Yue’s "Anshiliu Fu" says： "Pomegranate， the wonderful tree in the world， the famous fruit of Jiuzhou， produces fruit and is also glorious， and the taste is also special……"[5]. The pomegranate culture has a long history and has created numerous tourism resources. With the development of tourism economy， many main producing areas of pomegranate have begun to carry out colorful tourism projects with the theme of pomegranate culture. The pomegranate orchard of Tens of thousands of acres in Huaibei City， Anhui Province has become the largest ancient pomegranate community in East China. The oldest tree in the orchard is more than 400 years old， and the orchard still retains more than 1 000 mu of ancient pomegranate trees from the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The tourism project with the theme of pomegranate culture has become an important business card of Huaibei City’s tourism resources. Known as the No.1 Pomegranate Garden in the World—Guanshi Pomegranate Garden Scenic Area， is located in Yicheng District， Zaozhuang City， Shandong Province. The "10 000 mu Pomegranate Garden" has become a key tourist area in Shandong Province. Every year during the pomegranate blooming or harvest season， thousands of Chinese and foreign tourists come for sightseeing.
Current Status of Pomegranate Cultivation and Application in Hefei
The pomegranate trees enjoy light and grow vigorously， and produce good fruit with high quality under strong sunlight and good ventilation. Pomegranate is extremely adaptable. It can grow normally when the pH of the soil is between 4.5 and 8.2. It can be grown on flat land， slope land， barren land， and sandy beach land， and calcareous loam and loose sandy loam are better[2]. Pomegranate likes warm environments. When the lowest temperature in winter is below -17 ℃， freezing damage will occur， leading to plant death[6]. The pomegranate trees are tolerant to drought， barren soil， intolerant to waterlogging and damp and stagnant water. In terms of stress resistance， pomegranate trees have the best performance compared with other garden plants[6].
Pomegranate Variety Garden
Establishment of pomegranate variety garden
In 2006， on the basis of the investigation and analysis of the germplasm resources of Chinese pomegranate varieties by Wang et al.， Hefei Botanical Garden has successfully introduced more than 60 pomegranate varieties in the early stage， and established a pomegranate variety resource nursery， laying a foundation and providing prerequisites for the pomegranate variety garden of Hefei Botanical Garden to become an important nursery bank of pomegranate variety resources in China. Variety garden landscape improvement
Landscape is an important carrier of human perception of culture. It conveys ideological culture to humans concretely. With the continuous advancement of urbanization， people are increasingly eager to get close to nature and return to nature. The landscape improvement of the Pomegranate Variety Garden in Hefei Botanical Garden is also the construction of the landscape of the garden， respecting the spirit of the unique landscape culture and building a natural and beautiful landscape culture.
In the world， Spain， Libya and other countries respect pomegranate flowers as their national flower. Cities in China， such as Xi’an in Shaanxi Province， Hefei in Anhui Province， Xinxiang in Henan Province， and Zaozhuang in Shandong Province， also regard pomegranate flowers as the city flower[7]. Pomegranate is the city flower in Hefei， and the establishment of a pomegranate variety garden will help build the landscape and cultural characteristics of Hefei. On the one hand， through the combination of pomegranate’s status as a city flower and regional culture， the pomegranate variety garden is endowed with a strong cultural heritage， and the landscape culture built with the theme of "Pomegranate Variety Garden" is passed on to tourists， that is to say， a unique landscape that attracts tourists is also built. On the other hand， on this basis， developing a series of tourist projects， promoting cultural propaganda and establishing a base for popular science education can show the pomegranate flower culture and its plant status in Hefei to tourists more comprehensively.
Regional Division of Pomegranate Specialized Garden
The Pomegranate Specialized Garden covers an area of 3 hm2. The Pomegranate Specialized Garden is constructed relying on the surrounding environment and following the site characteristics. According to different landscape functions， it is divided into four spatial patterns， namely， a cultural square， a variety planting area， and an ancient pomegranate planting demonstration area.
Culture square
The Pomegranate Specialized Garden Square （Fig. 1） uses the artificial plastic rockery made of pomegranate seeds to create the sweet temperament of the pomegranate garden. The landscape style of the square focuses on de-urbanization， reflecting the overall local characteristics， ecology and landscape of the garden. The stone style is conducive to the integration of the building and the natural environment， and strengthens its connection with the surrounding sites in terms of color and texture. "Wuyue Liuhua Zhaoyanming" is the biggest landscape feature of the pomegranate garden; and the "butchart garden style" with super long viewing distance is carefully built by the method of landscape gardening using the existing plants in the garden， combining the topography. Rainwater collection， purification and the use of gardens provide a model for enriching the concept of "sponge city" construction and the construction of economical green space.
Variety planting area
In 2018， during the expansion of the Botanical Garden， the pomegranate resource nursery was re-planned and transformed， and the landscape of the pomegranate garden in Hefei Botanical Garden was renewed. During this period， Hefei Botanical Garden continued to investigate and collect new varieties from various places. The garden has collected more than 500 plants of more than 70 varieties of pomegranate trees which are used for both flowers and fruit and ancient pomegranate trees， including the main pomegranate varieties from all major pomegranate producing areas in China， and become one of the important specialized gardens in the park.
The varieties in the pomegranate garden are mainly red， pink， white， mixed colors and other colors， and there are also different pomegranate varieties with single， double， and double petals. They have created a beautiful， lively and unique pomegranate garden landscape. Through the display of excellent pomegranate varieties in this area， not only many pomegranate varieties have been preserved， but also the research premise for the selection and application of new pomegranate varieties has been provided. The garden also allows the conduction of popular science education on pomegranate varieties， providing visitors with a variety of viewing areas， and simultaneously providing a communication place and platform for professional and technical personnel in pomegranate-related cultivation and application research.
Demonstration area for planting ancient pomegranate trees
The pomegranate varieties in the ancient pomegranate planting demonstration area mainly include Dabenzi， pink-skinned pomegranate， Manaohong， and Baopicao. This area is also planted with 20 kinds of trees including Prunus davidiana ‘Albo-plena’， Albizia Julibrissin， Cercis glabra Pampan.， Prunus lannesiana ‘Kawazu-zakura’， 10 kinds of shrubs such as Camellia sasanqua Thunb.， Hypericum monogynum L.， Hibiscus syriacus f. amplissimus， Hibiscus mutabilis Linn.， Kerria japonica （L.） DC.， Rhododendron simsii Planch.， as well as more than 30 kinds of perennial plants， such as Sanguisorba officinalis L.， Ardisia japonica （Thunb） Blume， Stachys lanata， Astilbe chinensis （Maxim.） Franch. et Savat.， Verbena officinalis L.， Leucanthemum maximum （Ramood） DC.， Echinacea purpurea （Linn.） Moench， Viola philippica， Corydalis edulis Maxim.， Eustoma grandiflorum （Raf.） Shinners， Papaver rhoeas L.， Belamcanda chinensis （L.） Redouté， Kniphofia uvaria （L.） Oken， and Farfugrium japonicum （L. f.） Kitam. In addition， various climbing roses are planted. References
[1] CHEN XJ. The origin of pomegranate and its spread in China[D]. Tai’an： Shandong Agricultural University， 2014. （in Chinese）
[2] HAN J， WENG ML， JIANG WB. Cultural connotations of pomegrante and their application in landscape architecture[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin， 2009， 25（15）： 143-147. （in Chinese）
[3] LI BY. Pomegranate[M]. Beijing： China Forestry Publishing House， 2004. （in Chinese）
[4] ZHANG Z. Monographs on horticulture （southern edition）[M]. Beijing： China Agriculture Press， 2004. （in Chinese）
[5] PAI YY， DANG GX. New techniques of pomegranate cultivation[M]. Beijing： China Agriculture Press， 1997. （in Chinese）
[6] LI RY， XU TM. The role of pomegranate trees in landscaping[J]. Forestry of Shanxi， 200 （4）： 16-17. （in Chinese）
[7] YAO ZB， LI GF， SANG JS. The ornamental characteristics and garden application of pomegranate[J]. Modern Horticulture， 2011（1）： 57-58. （in Chinese）
[8] HOU LF， GENG DP， SU C. Germplasm resource of pomegranate in Yicheng County， Shandong Province[J]. Deciduous Fruits， 2006（5）： 19-21. （in Chinese）
Key words Pomegranate specialized garden; Construction and application; Exploration
Received： May 7， 2021 Accepted： July 1 2021
Jimei ZHANG （1983-）， female， P. R. China， senior engineer， devoted to research about garden plant cultivation and application.
*Corresponding author. E-mail： [email protected].
Pomegranate （Punica granatum L.） is a deciduous shrub or small tree belonging to the genus Punica in Punicaceae. It is also known as Anshiliu， Ruoliu， Danruo， Jinying， Jinpang， Tulin， etc. As a fruit tree， thousands of hectares of contiguous commodity pomegranate bases have formed in Lintong in Shaanxi Province， Zaozhuang in Shandong Province， Rongyang， Kaifeng and Fengqiu in Henan Province， Huaiyuan and Huaibei in Anhui Province， Mengzi， Qiaojia and Huize in Yunnan Province， Panzhihua and Xichang in Sichuan Province， and Xinjiang[1]. Pomegranate trees have a short crown， twisted branches， gorgeous flowers， and a long flowering period， and the flowers， fruit， leaves and branches of pomegranate have good ornamental value， so it is an excellent tree species for landscaping[2]. It can be seen that pomegranate is a rare and excellent tree species for both flowers and fruit， and it plays an important role in both landscaping and economy.
The Origin and Culture of Pomegranate
Pomegranate was originally produced in the Himalayas from ancient Persia to northwestern India. Its center is Persia and its surrounding areas， which are now Central Asia such as Iran and Afghanistan. It might be introduced from Central Asia into China in the Han Dynasty， and its cultivation history has been more than two thousand years[3-4].
Since ancient times， pomegranate flowers have attracted people’s love because of its fiery red color， and have been widely chanted by literati and writers. Cao Zhi wrote： "The leaves of the pomegranate planted in the front of the courtyard are light blue， swinging. The flowers are burning red， radiant and glorious." He likened the pomegranate flowers to a beautiful girl. Pan Yue’s "Anshiliu Fu" says： "Pomegranate， the wonderful tree in the world， the famous fruit of Jiuzhou， produces fruit and is also glorious， and the taste is also special……"[5]. The pomegranate culture has a long history and has created numerous tourism resources. With the development of tourism economy， many main producing areas of pomegranate have begun to carry out colorful tourism projects with the theme of pomegranate culture. The pomegranate orchard of Tens of thousands of acres in Huaibei City， Anhui Province has become the largest ancient pomegranate community in East China. The oldest tree in the orchard is more than 400 years old， and the orchard still retains more than 1 000 mu of ancient pomegranate trees from the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The tourism project with the theme of pomegranate culture has become an important business card of Huaibei City’s tourism resources. Known as the No.1 Pomegranate Garden in the World—Guanshi Pomegranate Garden Scenic Area， is located in Yicheng District， Zaozhuang City， Shandong Province. The "10 000 mu Pomegranate Garden" has become a key tourist area in Shandong Province. Every year during the pomegranate blooming or harvest season， thousands of Chinese and foreign tourists come for sightseeing.
Current Status of Pomegranate Cultivation and Application in Hefei
The pomegranate trees enjoy light and grow vigorously， and produce good fruit with high quality under strong sunlight and good ventilation. Pomegranate is extremely adaptable. It can grow normally when the pH of the soil is between 4.5 and 8.2. It can be grown on flat land， slope land， barren land， and sandy beach land， and calcareous loam and loose sandy loam are better[2]. Pomegranate likes warm environments. When the lowest temperature in winter is below -17 ℃， freezing damage will occur， leading to plant death[6]. The pomegranate trees are tolerant to drought， barren soil， intolerant to waterlogging and damp and stagnant water. In terms of stress resistance， pomegranate trees have the best performance compared with other garden plants[6].
Pomegranate Variety Garden
Establishment of pomegranate variety garden
In 2006， on the basis of the investigation and analysis of the germplasm resources of Chinese pomegranate varieties by Wang et al.， Hefei Botanical Garden has successfully introduced more than 60 pomegranate varieties in the early stage， and established a pomegranate variety resource nursery， laying a foundation and providing prerequisites for the pomegranate variety garden of Hefei Botanical Garden to become an important nursery bank of pomegranate variety resources in China. Variety garden landscape improvement
Landscape is an important carrier of human perception of culture. It conveys ideological culture to humans concretely. With the continuous advancement of urbanization， people are increasingly eager to get close to nature and return to nature. The landscape improvement of the Pomegranate Variety Garden in Hefei Botanical Garden is also the construction of the landscape of the garden， respecting the spirit of the unique landscape culture and building a natural and beautiful landscape culture.
In the world， Spain， Libya and other countries respect pomegranate flowers as their national flower. Cities in China， such as Xi’an in Shaanxi Province， Hefei in Anhui Province， Xinxiang in Henan Province， and Zaozhuang in Shandong Province， also regard pomegranate flowers as the city flower[7]. Pomegranate is the city flower in Hefei， and the establishment of a pomegranate variety garden will help build the landscape and cultural characteristics of Hefei. On the one hand， through the combination of pomegranate’s status as a city flower and regional culture， the pomegranate variety garden is endowed with a strong cultural heritage， and the landscape culture built with the theme of "Pomegranate Variety Garden" is passed on to tourists， that is to say， a unique landscape that attracts tourists is also built. On the other hand， on this basis， developing a series of tourist projects， promoting cultural propaganda and establishing a base for popular science education can show the pomegranate flower culture and its plant status in Hefei to tourists more comprehensively.
Regional Division of Pomegranate Specialized Garden
The Pomegranate Specialized Garden covers an area of 3 hm2. The Pomegranate Specialized Garden is constructed relying on the surrounding environment and following the site characteristics. According to different landscape functions， it is divided into four spatial patterns， namely， a cultural square， a variety planting area， and an ancient pomegranate planting demonstration area.
Culture square
The Pomegranate Specialized Garden Square （Fig. 1） uses the artificial plastic rockery made of pomegranate seeds to create the sweet temperament of the pomegranate garden. The landscape style of the square focuses on de-urbanization， reflecting the overall local characteristics， ecology and landscape of the garden. The stone style is conducive to the integration of the building and the natural environment， and strengthens its connection with the surrounding sites in terms of color and texture. "Wuyue Liuhua Zhaoyanming" is the biggest landscape feature of the pomegranate garden; and the "butchart garden style" with super long viewing distance is carefully built by the method of landscape gardening using the existing plants in the garden， combining the topography. Rainwater collection， purification and the use of gardens provide a model for enriching the concept of "sponge city" construction and the construction of economical green space.
Variety planting area
In 2018， during the expansion of the Botanical Garden， the pomegranate resource nursery was re-planned and transformed， and the landscape of the pomegranate garden in Hefei Botanical Garden was renewed. During this period， Hefei Botanical Garden continued to investigate and collect new varieties from various places. The garden has collected more than 500 plants of more than 70 varieties of pomegranate trees which are used for both flowers and fruit and ancient pomegranate trees， including the main pomegranate varieties from all major pomegranate producing areas in China， and become one of the important specialized gardens in the park.
The varieties in the pomegranate garden are mainly red， pink， white， mixed colors and other colors， and there are also different pomegranate varieties with single， double， and double petals. They have created a beautiful， lively and unique pomegranate garden landscape. Through the display of excellent pomegranate varieties in this area， not only many pomegranate varieties have been preserved， but also the research premise for the selection and application of new pomegranate varieties has been provided. The garden also allows the conduction of popular science education on pomegranate varieties， providing visitors with a variety of viewing areas， and simultaneously providing a communication place and platform for professional and technical personnel in pomegranate-related cultivation and application research.
Demonstration area for planting ancient pomegranate trees
The pomegranate varieties in the ancient pomegranate planting demonstration area mainly include Dabenzi， pink-skinned pomegranate， Manaohong， and Baopicao. This area is also planted with 20 kinds of trees including Prunus davidiana ‘Albo-plena’， Albizia Julibrissin， Cercis glabra Pampan.， Prunus lannesiana ‘Kawazu-zakura’， 10 kinds of shrubs such as Camellia sasanqua Thunb.， Hypericum monogynum L.， Hibiscus syriacus f. amplissimus， Hibiscus mutabilis Linn.， Kerria japonica （L.） DC.， Rhododendron simsii Planch.， as well as more than 30 kinds of perennial plants， such as Sanguisorba officinalis L.， Ardisia japonica （Thunb） Blume， Stachys lanata， Astilbe chinensis （Maxim.） Franch. et Savat.， Verbena officinalis L.， Leucanthemum maximum （Ramood） DC.， Echinacea purpurea （Linn.） Moench， Viola philippica， Corydalis edulis Maxim.， Eustoma grandiflorum （Raf.） Shinners， Papaver rhoeas L.， Belamcanda chinensis （L.） Redouté， Kniphofia uvaria （L.） Oken， and Farfugrium japonicum （L. f.） Kitam. In addition， various climbing roses are planted. References
[1] CHEN XJ. The origin of pomegranate and its spread in China[D]. Tai’an： Shandong Agricultural University， 2014. （in Chinese）
[2] HAN J， WENG ML， JIANG WB. Cultural connotations of pomegrante and their application in landscape architecture[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin， 2009， 25（15）： 143-147. （in Chinese）
[3] LI BY. Pomegranate[M]. Beijing： China Forestry Publishing House， 2004. （in Chinese）
[4] ZHANG Z. Monographs on horticulture （southern edition）[M]. Beijing： China Agriculture Press， 2004. （in Chinese）
[5] PAI YY， DANG GX. New techniques of pomegranate cultivation[M]. Beijing： China Agriculture Press， 1997. （in Chinese）
[6] LI RY， XU TM. The role of pomegranate trees in landscaping[J]. Forestry of Shanxi， 200 （4）： 16-17. （in Chinese）
[7] YAO ZB， LI GF， SANG JS. The ornamental characteristics and garden application of pomegranate[J]. Modern Horticulture， 2011（1）： 57-58. （in Chinese）
[8] HOU LF， GENG DP， SU C. Germplasm resource of pomegranate in Yicheng County， Shandong Province[J]. Deciduous Fruits， 2006（5）： 19-21. （in Chinese）