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[摘要] RS3PE综合征是以双手和双踝关节的对称性滑膜炎伴有凹陷性水肿为特征的一种综合征,其合并或继发膜性肾病(MN)的病例目前报道较少。本文报道1例RS3PE综合征发病之前的特发性膜性肾病,同时结合文献讨论两种疾病之间的因果关系。
[关键词] RS3PE综合征;膜性肾病;病因;遗传免疫;发病机制
[中图分类号] R593.2 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)03-0135-02
One case of idiopathic membranous nephropathy before onset of RS3PE syndrome
HAO Zhenye CUI Jing GUO Yingying CHEN Huifang HE Jiali WANG Hong WANG Xiaoxia
Department of Rheumatology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
[Abstract] RS3PE syndrome is a syndrome characterized by symmetrical synovitis of both hands and both ankle joints complicated with pitting edema. The cases of combined or secondary membranous nephropathy have been rarely reported. This article reports one case of idiopathic membranous nephropathy before the onset of RS3PE syndrome. At the same time, combined with the literature, the causal relationship between the two diseases is discussed.
[Key words] RS3PE syndrome; Membranous nephropathy; Etiology; Genetic immunity; Pathogenesis
缓和的血清阴性对称性滑膜炎伴凹陷性水肿综合征(RS3PE综合征)1985年由McCarty[1]及其同事首次报道,其典型特征为双手和双踝关节的对称性滑膜炎伴有凹陷性水肿。研究发现部分RS3PE综合征患者中携带HLA A1-B8-DR3单倍体,且其CD4 TNF-α 细胞增加,而MN的发病与HLA-B8DR3单体型、TNF-α基因多态性相关已被报道。目前鲜有RS3PE综合征患者并发膜性肾病的报道,本文对1例RS3PE综合征发病前的特发性膜性肾病进行报道,并结合文献进行分析。
1 临床资料
患者女性,66岁,因“多关节痛1年余,双前臂肿痛15 d”于2017年6月14日入院,患者就诊前1年间断出现多关节疼痛,累及双手、双肘、双腕关节,15 d前双前臂、双腕关节出现肿痛,伴屈伸受限就诊我院。病程中否认口干、眼干、反复口腔溃疡、牙齿块状脱落、光过敏、皮疹等。既往有2型糖尿病、高血压病及膜性肾病(曾予环磷酰胺及强的松治疗,入院时已停药)。入院查体:双手掌指关节、双腕关节、双前臂肿胀,余未见明显异常。辅助检查:HGB 103 g/L;ESR 95 mm/h;CRP 19 mg/L;IgM 3.66 g/L;唾液流率减低,泪液分泌及泪膜破裂时间减慢,角膜染色阴性;抗核抗体(ANA)1:100 CS,类风湿因子(RF)、抗环瓜氨酸肽(CCP)抗体、抗角蛋白抗体(AKA)、抗双链DNA(dsDNA)抗体、抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体(ANCA)、磷脂抗体、抗ENAs、巨细胞病毒 EB病毒均为阴性,多肿瘤标志物均未见异常。双腕关节MRI:炎性改变,双腕关节积液伴软组织肿胀;腹部彩超、上腹部CT:胰腺囊肿。诊断为RS3PE综合征,予甲强龙80 mg×4 d、160 mg×3 d×2次,患者关节肿痛明显好转,院外规律口服强的松10 mg 1次/d、来氟米特10 mg 1次/d至今,2017年11月16日随访偶有双肘关节疼痛,双前臂无肿胀,用药同前。
2讨论
RS3PE综合征是好发于老年人的一种多关节炎,其中70岁以上患者占65%[2],男性较女性多见,发病突然。目前病因不明,有学者认为可能与环境、自身免疫、遗传、肿瘤、感染、神经传导物质紊乱等因素有关。然而,Arima等[3]报道RS3PE综合征与其他结缔组织病(如RA、系统性红斑狼疮、混合性结缔组织病、多发性肌炎、皮肌炎)相比,血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)水平增高,并发现其在引起血管生成(滑膜炎)和血管通透性(皮下凹陷性水肿)的病理变化中起作用。Shimojima等[4]报道与RA早期患者相比,RS3PE综合征患者CD8 CD25 细胞显著减少,CD4 IFN-γ IL-4-、CD8 IFN-γ IL-4-和CD4 TNF-α 细胞显著增加。此外,Finnell和Cuesta[5]报道近50%的RS3PE综合征患者HLA-B7阳性,进而推测此综合征与HLA-B7有相关性,但Cantini等[6]认为与HLA-B7无相关性。尽管我們无法确定与HLA-B7的相关性,但是有些患者携带一些自身免疫抗原如扩展单体型HLA A1-B8-DR3和一些具有SpA相关抗原B27和B7-CREG[7]。这可能有利于CD4-T和CD8-T细胞触发对尚未明确的抗原的应答反应。而膜性肾病(MN)是以肾小球基底膜上皮细胞下免疫复合物沉积同时伴基底膜增厚为特征的一组疾病,其中以足细胞病变表现最突出。而足细胞参与构成肾小球滤过屏障,其损伤和缺失在肾小球疾病及蛋白尿中扮演重要的角色。MN临床上主要表现为肾病综合征,好发人群为中老年人,男性多见,起病隐匿,预后不同,约1/3的患者可自行达到缓解,然而仍有30%~40%的患者疗效不佳,逐渐进展至终末期肾脏病(ESRD)[8]。根据是否有明确病因可分为特发性膜性肾病(IMN)和继发性膜性肾病(SMN),其中约75%的MN患者为IMN。随着研究进展,Beck等[9]发现M型磷脂酶A2受体(PLA2R)的新型靶抗原在MN的病理学中起着关键作用,血清抗PLA2R抗体逐渐成为IMN公认的生物标志物。据文献报道,IMN患者血清抗PLA2R抗体的阳性率高达50%~80%[10]。且其他致病抗原也在实验中确定,包括α-烯醇化酶、醛糖还原酶和超氧化物歧化酶2等[11,12]。尽管有上述进展,但是MN的自身免疫基础还不完全清楚。欧洲Caucasoid研究显示膜性肾病与HLA-B8DR3单体型有很强的相关性[13-15]。当然,其他非HLA等位基因也使个体易于发生膜性肾病。Thibaudin等[16]报道TNF-α基因多态性与IMN的关联研究,该组发现启动子区域中的SNP与具有IMN易感性的TNF-α基因的下游微卫星显著相关。TNFA2和TNFd2等位基因与IMN的发生密切相关,被认为是该疾病的易感基因。而且发现体内外TNF-α的增加与B8/DR3单体型有关[17]。 本例患者表現为双前臂可凹性水肿,化验类风湿因子阴性,抗核抗体低滴度阳性,急性期炎性反应物升高(ESR、CRP升高),无骨侵蚀表现,糖皮质激素敏感,符合RS3PE综合征目前公认的诊断标准[1]。其2年前因蛋白尿就诊,排除自身免疫性疾病、感染、肿瘤、药物及毒物等继发因素,行肾穿刺活检术明确诊断为特发性膜性肾病,予醋酸泼尼松片60 mg口服及环磷酰胺200 mg输注8次,激素逐渐减量至2.5 mg出现上述关节症状。尽管患者MN发病在前,但这两种病理的因果关系仍然值得探讨。
综上所述,尽管与RS3PE综合征相关的特定HLA抗原尚不明确,但一些患者中发现HLA A1-B8-DR3单倍体,而研究已证明MN与HLA-B8DR3单体型有明显的相关性,同时RS3PE患者中CD4 TNF-α 细胞增加,有报道提出IMN与TNF-α基因多态性有关,提示这两种自身免疫性疾病之间或许存在关联,但目前临床上鲜有相关RS3PE综合征并膜性肾病的报道,仍需要进一步追踪观察及扩大病例数做更深入的探讨。
[参考文献]
[1] McCarty DJ,O’dffy JD,Pearson L,et al.Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema. RS3PE syndrome[J]. JAMA,1985,254(19):2763-2767.
[2] Schaeverbeke T,Richez C,Dehais J. RS3PE syndrome does exist?[J]. Rev Rhum,2004,71:484-488.
[3] Arima K,Origuchi T,Tamai M,et al. RS3PE syndrome presenting as vascular endothelial growth factor associated disorder[J]. Ann Rheum Dis,2005,64:1653-1655.
[4] Shimojima Y,Matsuda M,Ishii W,et al. Analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes using flow cytometry in polymyalgia rheumatica,RS3PE and early rheumatoid arthritis[J]. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology,2008, 26:1079-1082.
[5] Finnell JA,Cuesta IA.Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema(RS3PE) syndrome:A review of the literature and a report of three cases[J].J Foot Ankle Surg,2000,39:189-193.
[6] Cantini F,Salvarani C,Olivieri I,et al. Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema (RS3PE):A prospective follow up and magnetic resonance imaging study[J]. Ann Rheum Dis,1999,58:230-236.
[7] Queiro R. RS3PE syndrome:A clinical and immunogenetical study[J]. Rheumatol Int,2004,24:103-105.
[8] Lai WL,Yeh TH,Chen PM,et al.Membranous nephropathy:A review on the pathogenesis,diagnosis,and treatment[J]. J Formos Med Assoc,2015,114(2):102-111.
[9] Beck LH,Bonegio RG,Lambeau G,et al.M-typephospholipase A2 receptor as target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy[J].N Engl J Med,2009,361(1):11-21.
[10] Saeed M,Beggs ML,Walker PD,et al. PLA2R-associated membranous glomerulopathy is modulated by common variants in PLA2R1 and HLA-DQA1 genes[J]. Genes and Immunity,2014,15:556-561.
[11] Prunotto M,Carnevali ML,Candiano G,et al. Autoimmunity in membranous nephropathy targets aldose reductase and SOD2[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol,2010,21:507-519.
[12] Bruschi M,Carnevali ML,Murtas C,et al. Direct characterization of target podocyte antigens and auto-antibodies in human membranous glomerulonephritis:Alfa-enolase and borderline antigens[J]. J Proteomics,2011,74:2008-2017.
[13] Sacks SH,Warner C,Campbell RD,et al.Molecular mapping of the HLA class Ⅱ region in HLA DR3 associated idiopathic membranous nephropathy[J]. Kidney Int Suppl,1993,39:S13-S19 .
[14] Glotz D,Bariety J,Druet PH.Glomerulonephrites extramembraneuses[J]. Rev Prat,1991,41:2424-2429.
[15] Berthoux FC,Berthoux P,Hassan AA,et al. Immunogenetique des glomerulonephrites extramembraneuses primitives[J]. Presse Med,1990,19:990-993.
[16] Thibaudin D,Thibaudin L,Berthoux P,et al. TNFA2 and d2 alleles of the tumor necrosis factor alpha gene polymorphism are associated with onset/occurrence of idiopathic membranous nephropathy[J]. Kidney Int,2007,71:431-437.
[17] Lio D,Candore G,Colombo A. A genetically determined high setting of TNFα influences immunologic parameters of HLA-B8,DR3 positives subjects:Implications for autoimmunity[J]. Hum Immunol,2001,62:705-713.
(收稿日期:2017-11-23)
[关键词] RS3PE综合征;膜性肾病;病因;遗传免疫;发病机制
[中图分类号] R593.2 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)03-0135-02
One case of idiopathic membranous nephropathy before onset of RS3PE syndrome
HAO Zhenye CUI Jing GUO Yingying CHEN Huifang HE Jiali WANG Hong WANG Xiaoxia
Department of Rheumatology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
[Abstract] RS3PE syndrome is a syndrome characterized by symmetrical synovitis of both hands and both ankle joints complicated with pitting edema. The cases of combined or secondary membranous nephropathy have been rarely reported. This article reports one case of idiopathic membranous nephropathy before the onset of RS3PE syndrome. At the same time, combined with the literature, the causal relationship between the two diseases is discussed.
[Key words] RS3PE syndrome; Membranous nephropathy; Etiology; Genetic immunity; Pathogenesis
缓和的血清阴性对称性滑膜炎伴凹陷性水肿综合征(RS3PE综合征)1985年由McCarty[1]及其同事首次报道,其典型特征为双手和双踝关节的对称性滑膜炎伴有凹陷性水肿。研究发现部分RS3PE综合征患者中携带HLA A1-B8-DR3单倍体,且其CD4 TNF-α 细胞增加,而MN的发病与HLA-B8DR3单体型、TNF-α基因多态性相关已被报道。目前鲜有RS3PE综合征患者并发膜性肾病的报道,本文对1例RS3PE综合征发病前的特发性膜性肾病进行报道,并结合文献进行分析。
1 临床资料
患者女性,66岁,因“多关节痛1年余,双前臂肿痛15 d”于2017年6月14日入院,患者就诊前1年间断出现多关节疼痛,累及双手、双肘、双腕关节,15 d前双前臂、双腕关节出现肿痛,伴屈伸受限就诊我院。病程中否认口干、眼干、反复口腔溃疡、牙齿块状脱落、光过敏、皮疹等。既往有2型糖尿病、高血压病及膜性肾病(曾予环磷酰胺及强的松治疗,入院时已停药)。入院查体:双手掌指关节、双腕关节、双前臂肿胀,余未见明显异常。辅助检查:HGB 103 g/L;ESR 95 mm/h;CRP 19 mg/L;IgM 3.66 g/L;唾液流率减低,泪液分泌及泪膜破裂时间减慢,角膜染色阴性;抗核抗体(ANA)1:100 CS,类风湿因子(RF)、抗环瓜氨酸肽(CCP)抗体、抗角蛋白抗体(AKA)、抗双链DNA(dsDNA)抗体、抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体(ANCA)、磷脂抗体、抗ENAs、巨细胞病毒 EB病毒均为阴性,多肿瘤标志物均未见异常。双腕关节MRI:炎性改变,双腕关节积液伴软组织肿胀;腹部彩超、上腹部CT:胰腺囊肿。诊断为RS3PE综合征,予甲强龙80 mg×4 d、160 mg×3 d×2次,患者关节肿痛明显好转,院外规律口服强的松10 mg 1次/d、来氟米特10 mg 1次/d至今,2017年11月16日随访偶有双肘关节疼痛,双前臂无肿胀,用药同前。
2讨论
RS3PE综合征是好发于老年人的一种多关节炎,其中70岁以上患者占65%[2],男性较女性多见,发病突然。目前病因不明,有学者认为可能与环境、自身免疫、遗传、肿瘤、感染、神经传导物质紊乱等因素有关。然而,Arima等[3]报道RS3PE综合征与其他结缔组织病(如RA、系统性红斑狼疮、混合性结缔组织病、多发性肌炎、皮肌炎)相比,血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)水平增高,并发现其在引起血管生成(滑膜炎)和血管通透性(皮下凹陷性水肿)的病理变化中起作用。Shimojima等[4]报道与RA早期患者相比,RS3PE综合征患者CD8 CD25 细胞显著减少,CD4 IFN-γ IL-4-、CD8 IFN-γ IL-4-和CD4 TNF-α 细胞显著增加。此外,Finnell和Cuesta[5]报道近50%的RS3PE综合征患者HLA-B7阳性,进而推测此综合征与HLA-B7有相关性,但Cantini等[6]认为与HLA-B7无相关性。尽管我們无法确定与HLA-B7的相关性,但是有些患者携带一些自身免疫抗原如扩展单体型HLA A1-B8-DR3和一些具有SpA相关抗原B27和B7-CREG[7]。这可能有利于CD4-T和CD8-T细胞触发对尚未明确的抗原的应答反应。而膜性肾病(MN)是以肾小球基底膜上皮细胞下免疫复合物沉积同时伴基底膜增厚为特征的一组疾病,其中以足细胞病变表现最突出。而足细胞参与构成肾小球滤过屏障,其损伤和缺失在肾小球疾病及蛋白尿中扮演重要的角色。MN临床上主要表现为肾病综合征,好发人群为中老年人,男性多见,起病隐匿,预后不同,约1/3的患者可自行达到缓解,然而仍有30%~40%的患者疗效不佳,逐渐进展至终末期肾脏病(ESRD)[8]。根据是否有明确病因可分为特发性膜性肾病(IMN)和继发性膜性肾病(SMN),其中约75%的MN患者为IMN。随着研究进展,Beck等[9]发现M型磷脂酶A2受体(PLA2R)的新型靶抗原在MN的病理学中起着关键作用,血清抗PLA2R抗体逐渐成为IMN公认的生物标志物。据文献报道,IMN患者血清抗PLA2R抗体的阳性率高达50%~80%[10]。且其他致病抗原也在实验中确定,包括α-烯醇化酶、醛糖还原酶和超氧化物歧化酶2等[11,12]。尽管有上述进展,但是MN的自身免疫基础还不完全清楚。欧洲Caucasoid研究显示膜性肾病与HLA-B8DR3单体型有很强的相关性[13-15]。当然,其他非HLA等位基因也使个体易于发生膜性肾病。Thibaudin等[16]报道TNF-α基因多态性与IMN的关联研究,该组发现启动子区域中的SNP与具有IMN易感性的TNF-α基因的下游微卫星显著相关。TNFA2和TNFd2等位基因与IMN的发生密切相关,被认为是该疾病的易感基因。而且发现体内外TNF-α的增加与B8/DR3单体型有关[17]。 本例患者表現为双前臂可凹性水肿,化验类风湿因子阴性,抗核抗体低滴度阳性,急性期炎性反应物升高(ESR、CRP升高),无骨侵蚀表现,糖皮质激素敏感,符合RS3PE综合征目前公认的诊断标准[1]。其2年前因蛋白尿就诊,排除自身免疫性疾病、感染、肿瘤、药物及毒物等继发因素,行肾穿刺活检术明确诊断为特发性膜性肾病,予醋酸泼尼松片60 mg口服及环磷酰胺200 mg输注8次,激素逐渐减量至2.5 mg出现上述关节症状。尽管患者MN发病在前,但这两种病理的因果关系仍然值得探讨。
综上所述,尽管与RS3PE综合征相关的特定HLA抗原尚不明确,但一些患者中发现HLA A1-B8-DR3单倍体,而研究已证明MN与HLA-B8DR3单体型有明显的相关性,同时RS3PE患者中CD4 TNF-α 细胞增加,有报道提出IMN与TNF-α基因多态性有关,提示这两种自身免疫性疾病之间或许存在关联,但目前临床上鲜有相关RS3PE综合征并膜性肾病的报道,仍需要进一步追踪观察及扩大病例数做更深入的探讨。
[参考文献]
[1] McCarty DJ,O’dffy JD,Pearson L,et al.Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema. RS3PE syndrome[J]. JAMA,1985,254(19):2763-2767.
[2] Schaeverbeke T,Richez C,Dehais J. RS3PE syndrome does exist?[J]. Rev Rhum,2004,71:484-488.
[3] Arima K,Origuchi T,Tamai M,et al. RS3PE syndrome presenting as vascular endothelial growth factor associated disorder[J]. Ann Rheum Dis,2005,64:1653-1655.
[4] Shimojima Y,Matsuda M,Ishii W,et al. Analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes using flow cytometry in polymyalgia rheumatica,RS3PE and early rheumatoid arthritis[J]. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology,2008, 26:1079-1082.
[5] Finnell JA,Cuesta IA.Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema(RS3PE) syndrome:A review of the literature and a report of three cases[J].J Foot Ankle Surg,2000,39:189-193.
[6] Cantini F,Salvarani C,Olivieri I,et al. Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema (RS3PE):A prospective follow up and magnetic resonance imaging study[J]. Ann Rheum Dis,1999,58:230-236.
[7] Queiro R. RS3PE syndrome:A clinical and immunogenetical study[J]. Rheumatol Int,2004,24:103-105.
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(收稿日期:2017-11-23)