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在中国,无论是古代还是现代,国家与建筑活动都有着密切的联系。但是这一关联的现代转变及其影响至今在中国建筑史研究中还鲜有讨论。本文考察19世纪中叶以来,在中国现代化过程中国家性质的变化对中国现代建筑专业的影响。文章论证,在近代中国,伴随着外来势力和文化在中国影响的扩大,多元的公民社会出现并成为建筑商品化和多元化建筑价值取向的基础。在这个过程中建筑的话语权的把持者,即建筑职业标准和审美评判的主体也发生了变化,建筑师职业在中国社会分工中的独立。传统国家与建筑业的主宰与被主宰关系被以租界为代表的管理与被管理关系取代,建筑形式从传统等级社会的制约下获得了发展的自由。20世纪20年代之后新的民族国家的建立不仅延续了外国租界对于建筑活动的法制化管理方式,还出于国家认同和改造国民的需要,推动了建筑中关于民族风格的探索以及对于政府行政建筑、纪念物和国民教育空间等特殊类型建筑的建造。国家与建筑学形成一种利用与被利用的关系。20世纪50年代以后,限于当时的建设条件,国家与建筑再次经历了主宰与被主宰的关系,改革开放所带来的经济和社会多元化格局为中国建筑业的繁荣提供了新的条件,国家正在重建与建筑之间管理与被管理、利用与被利用的关系。
In China, both ancient and modern, the country has a close connection with construction activities. However, the modern transformation of this connection and its influence have been rarely discussed in the study of Chinese architectural history. This article examines the impact of changes in the nature of the country on the modern architectural profession in China since the mid-nineteenth century. The article argues that in modern China, with the expansion of the influence of foreign forces and culture in China, a diversified civil society has emerged as the basis for the commercialization of architecture and the value orientation of diversified architecture. In this process, the masters of the discourse power of architecture, that is, the subject of construction professional standards and aesthetic judgement have also changed, and the architect profession is independent in the division of labor in China. The relationship between the dominance and dominance of the traditional country and the construction industry was replaced by the management and managed relationship represented by the concession. The architectural forms obtained the freedom of development under the constraints of the traditional hierarchical society. The establishment of new nation-states after the 1920s not only continued the legal management of construction activities in the foreign concessions, but also led to the need of the country to identify and transform the nationals, and promoted the exploration of the national style and the administrative architecture of the government. Construction of special types of buildings, monuments, and national education spaces. The state and architecture form a relationship of utilization and exploitation. After the 1950s, due to the conditions of construction at that time, the country and architecture once again experienced the relationship between dominance and dominance. The economic and social diversification pattern brought about by reform and opening up has provided new conditions for the prosperity of China’s construction industry. The relationship between management and management, use, and utilization is being rebuilt and constructed.