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本文以“大英雄、大笨蛋、大丈夫”类“大+NP”结构为切入点,考察名词的程度差异和等级性。与典型的“大”充当形容词修饰名词的结构(“大房子、大城市”)不同,这类结构中的“大”一般不能充当谓语,不能被程度副词修饰;同时,“大+NP”和“小+NP”不构成对称的反义对,呈现出“大-小”不对称性。本文将等级性概念引入名词领域,提出“笨蛋”类名词具有程度差异,属于等级名词。这类名词在语义上包含程度论元,且其程度要满足一定的标准。这一基于程度语义学的分析可以对这类“大-小”不对称现象做出更深刻的说明。
This article takes the structure of “big hero, big idiot, big man ” class “big + NP ” as the starting point, examines the degree difference and the grade of nouns. Unlike the typical “big” structure of adjective-modifying nouns (“big house, big city”), “big” in such structures generally can not serve as a predicate and can not be modified by degree adverbs; at the same time, “Big + NP ” and “Small + NP ” do not form symmetrical antisense pairs, showing “big - small” asymmetry. In this paper, we introduce the concept of hierarchy into the field of nouns, and propose that the nouns such as “stupid” have different degrees and belong to the level nouns. Such nouns semantically contain the degree of argument, and its extent to meet certain standards. This degree semantic based analysis can provide a more profound explanation of such “big-small” asymmetries.