后进国家在向先进国家学习的过程中，有可能找错模仿对象，从而给现代化造成重大失误。日本在这方面的经历十分典型。日本在向先行者学习的过程中，脱落了太多的重要部分，选择了德国作为现代化楷模，其失误均在二次大战中暴露无遗，这是一个深刻的历史教训。 In the process of learning from advanced countries, the backward countries may find fault with the object of imitation, thus causing major mistakes in the modernization. Japan’s experience in this area is very typical. In learning from the forerunners, Japan sheds too much important part and has chosen Germany as a model for its modernization. All its mistakes were exposed during the Second World War. This is a profound historical lesson.