DNA免疫为疫苗的研究开创了新的领域 ,而基因疫苗发展的一个主要目标就是控制目的基因在体内的表达水平以达到有效的免疫效果。对载体进行适当修饰来调节目的基因的表达及其表达产物的免疫原性对于改善 DNA疫苗的免疫效果非常重要。质粒为基因免疫的常用载体。本文就与载体设计有关的主要结构成分以及可插入质粒以增强免疫辅佐性的免疫刺激序列 ( ISS)及其对免疫系统的激活作用进行概述 DNA vaccination has opened up a new field for vaccine research. One of the major goals of genetic vaccine development is to control the expression level of the target gene in vivo so as to achieve an effective immune effect. Appropriate modification of the vector to regulate the expression of the gene of interest and the immunogenicity of the expressed product are important for improving the immunogenicity of the DNA vaccine. Plasmids are commonly used vectors for gene immunization. In this review, we summarize the major structural elements involved in vector design, as well as immunostimulatory sequences (ISSs) that can be inserted into plasmids to enhance immune adjuvants and their effects on the immune system