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中国古代社会思潮迭起,思想史研究向人们展示,一种社会思潮,一种理论体系,总有其中心思想或中心议题。宋明理学的主旨是什么?历来有不同说法,或谓“义理”,或谓“本体”,或谓“心性”,或谓“性命与天道”。应该说,这些说法都是有一定根据的。理学与汉唐以来学术不同的是,它既不是章句之学,也不是词章之学,更不是时文科举之学,而是寻求义理之学。理学家讲学的目的在于穷理求道,因此称理学主旨为“义理”是不足为怪的。理学家大都讲本体,谈心性、论天道,而且这些范畴都是理学家非常重视的问题,甚至可以说都是理学根本的、首要的问题。但把这些归结为理学的中心议题,似乎还不太完满。我经过研究,觉得把理学的主旨概括为“本体与工夫”,也许会更符合实际些。如果这样确立理学主旨,既可体现理学的宇宙论、存在论、心性论、境界说,也可以包含理学的认识论、修养论,乃至审美和心理建设,使理学研究更贴近其本来风貌。
The ancient Chinese social tide of thoughts has been repeated, and the study of the history of thoughts shows people a kind of social thought and a theoretical system that always has its central idea or central topic. What is the essence of the Neo-Confucianism of Song and Ming Dynasties? There has always been a different argument, or “righteousness,” or “ontology,” or “psychology,” or “life and heaven.” It should be said that these statements are based on some. Neo-Confucianism and academic since the Han and Tang Dynasties is different, it is neither a chapter of the school of thought, nor is the chapter of the school, but not when the liberal arts school, but to seek justice science. It is not surprising that the purpose of the lectures of rationalists is to seek truth from facts, so it is not strange to call the principle of reason to be “justice.” Neo-Confucianism mostly speaks of the nature, the nature of the mind, the nature of heaven, and these categories are all issues that the philosophers attach great importance to. They can even be regarded as fundamental and primary issues of Neo-Confucianism. However, it seems that the central issue of reducing these to Neo-Confucianism is not yet perfect. After studying, I think it is more realistic to generalize the essence of Neo-Confucianism as “noumenon and time.” If we establish the essence of Neo-Confucianism in this way, we can not only reflect Neo-Confucianism’s cosmology, ontology, psychology theory and realm theory, but also include epistemology, cultivation theory and even aesthetic and psychological construction of Neo-Confucianism so as to make Neo-Confucianism study closer to its original style.