1.菠菜生长锥的形态分化过程可分为:“未分化期”、“花芽分化初期”、“花芽分化期”“侧花茎原基分化期”及“单花分化期”五个时期。单花分化期又有“萼片分化期”、“雌蕊或雄蕊分化期”及“分化结束期”三个时期。2.菠菜花芽分化所需要的温度和日照范围都很广泛。在本试验的范围内,“法国菠菜”在自然条件下,日照为10～14.8小时,日平均温度为0.2°～24.9℃甚至高达27.8℃,均可分化为花芽,但出苗后12小时以上的日照与9～21℃的温度组合,可促进花芽分化。温度过高(21℃以上)或过低(8℃以下),尤其是8℃以下的低温与12小时以下的短日照相结合时会延迟花芽分化。花芽分化后,花原基的发育,抽苔的速度与温度、日照有密切关系。一般当温度降低日照缩短时,花芽分化至抽苔的天数加长;温度升高,日照加长时,花芽分化至抽苔的天数缩短。在本试验范围内,花芽分化后在日平均温度为28.3℃,日平均日照时数为14.7小时时抽苔最快(9天)。日平均温度为1.5～2.7℃,日平均日照时数为10.6小时,抽苔最慢(131～146天)。3.花芽分化时的叶数受叶原基分化速度及花原基出现早晚的相互影响。在本试验范围内,日平均温度由0.2℃上升至24.9℃时,叶数由7.2片增加至24.2片。但当特别有利于花芽分化或特别不利于花芽分化的条件下,则会出现叶数增减与温度的升降不完全适应的情况,即花芽分化早时,会限制叶原基的分化使叶数减少;花芽分化受抑制时,叶原基的分化期长,使叶数增加。4.菠菜在开始抽苔前采收,基生叶的重量一般占单株鲜重的92.6～96.5％,所以可用基生叶代表单株重。菠菜单株重=叶数×单叶重,单叶重又等于叶部生长期×日增重。单株重量是这些因素综合作用的结果。在这些因素中起决定性作用的是单叶重,只有在单叶重相差不大的情况下,叶数的多少才对单株重量有影响。叶部生长期的长短决定于出苗后抽苔的快慢,温度低,日照短,抽苔慢,叶部生长期长,反之则短。叶重及叶面积增长的适宜日平均气温为20～25℃;日平均最高温不宜超过25～30℃;日平均最低温不宜低于-5～0℃或高于15～20℃。净同化率的适宜日平均气温为25～30℃甚至更高;日平均最高气温达30～35℃时,仍有所增高;日平均最低温不宜低于-5～0℃,-5～0℃以上增高较快。可见温度过高过低首先影响叶面积的增长量,而净同化率受温度降低的影响大,受温度升高的影响小。5.确定菠菜适宜播期的理论依据是:播种后叶部生长期的日平均温度在20℃左右,日照逐渐缩短,使叶原基分生速度快,争取有较多的叶数;花芽分化后温度降低,日照缩短,使抽苔延迟,延长叶部生长期;同时使叶部生长期尽可能处于有利于增大叶面积及提高净同化率的温度范围内,以增加叶重。 1. The morphological differentiation process of spinach growth cone can be divided into five stages: “undifferentiated stage”, “early stage of flower bud differentiation”, “flower bud differentiation stage”, “lateral stem stem primordium differentiation stage” and “single flower differentiation stage”. Single flower differentiation and “sepal differentiation”, “pistil or stamen differentiation” and “end of differentiation” three periods. Spinach flower bud differentiation needs temperature and sunshine range is very wide. Within the scope of this test, “French spinach” under natural conditions sunshine for 10 ~ 14.8 hours, the average daily temperature of 0.2 ° ~ 24.9 ℃ or even up to 27.8 ℃, can be differentiated into flower buds, but after the emergence of more than 12 hours Sunshine and temperature of 9 ~ 21 ℃ combination, can promote flower bud differentiation. Combination of low temperatures (above 21 ° C) or too low (below 8 ° C), especially at temperatures below 8 ° C and short days below 12 hours delays flower bud differentiation. Flower bud differentiation, the development of flower base, bolting speed and temperature, sunshine are closely related. Generally, when the temperature is decreased, the number of days from flower bud to bolting is longer; when the temperature is increased, the days from flower bud to bolting are shortened when the sunshine is shortened. Within the experimental range, bolting was the fastest (9 days) after the flower bud differentiation at a daily average temperature of 28.3 ° C and a daily average of 14.7 hours of sunshine hours. The average daily temperature is 1.5 ~ 2.7 ℃, the average daily sunshine hours is 10.6 hours, bolting the slowest (131 ~ 146 days). 3. The number of flower bud differentiation by the leaf primordia differentiation rate and the early appearance of flower primordia interaction. In this test range, the average number of leaves increased from 7.2 to 24.2 when the average daily temperature increased from 0.2 ℃ to 24.9 ℃. However, when the flower bud differentiation is particularly favorable or especially unfavorable to the flower bud differentiation, there will be incomplete adaptation of the leaf number increase and decrease and the temperature rise and fall, that is, when the flower bud differentiation is earlier, the differentiation of the leaf primordium will be limited and the leaf number will decrease; When flower bud differentiation was inhibited, leaf primordia had a long differentiation period and increased the number of leaves. 4. Spinach harvest before beginning bolting, basal leaves weight generally accounts for 92.6 ~ 96.5% of fresh weight per plant, so the available base leaves represent the weight of the plant. Spinach single plant weight = leaf number × single leaf weight, single leaf weight equal to leaf growth × daily gain. The weight of a plant is the result of a combination of these factors. One of the decisive factors in these factors is single-leaf weight. Only when the single-leaf weight is not much different, the number of leaves affects the weight of individual plants. The length of the leaf growth period depends on the speed of bolting after emergence, low temperature, short sunshine, slow bolting, long leaf growth period, and vice versa. The suitable daily average temperature for leaf weight and leaf area growth is 20-25 ℃. The daily average maximum temperature should not exceed 25-30 ℃. The daily average minimum temperature should not be lower than -5-0 ℃ or higher than 15-20 ℃. The average daily average temperature of net assimilation rate is 25 ~ 30 ℃ or even higher; the average daily maximum air temperature reaches 30 ~ 35 ℃, it still increases; the average daily minimum temperature should not be lower than -5 ~ 0 ℃, -5 ~ 0 ℃ above faster increase. It can be seen that the temperature is too high and too low will affect the growth of leaf area at first, while the net assimilation rate is greatly affected by the temperature decrease and little by the temperature increase. 5 to determine spinach suitable sowing date is based on the theoretical basis is: the sowing leaf growth period of the average daily temperature of about 20 ℃, sunshine gradually shortened, so that leaf primordium fast, for more leaf number; flower bud differentiation temperature Reduce the shortening of sunshine, delay the bolting, and prolong the leaf growth period. At the same time, the leaf growth period should be within the temperature range that is conducive to increasing the leaf area and increasing the net assimilation rate as much as possible to increase the leaf weight.