明末名臣徐光启受到利玛窦等西方传教士的深刻影响,为了明王朝与清朝的战争获得胜利,在澳门葡萄牙人的大力支持与帮助下,成功推动了从澳门引入先进西洋火器。与此同时,他敏锐地意识到新式作战工具所带来的对传统冷兵器时代战争观的颠覆性变革,阐发了一系列与之相适应的崭新的进攻与防御思想。在这种努力的背后,显露出中国知识阶层对17世纪初外部世界认识的微妙变化,特别是引发了对当时占主导地位的华夷秩序下传统对外观念的反思和冲击。虽然新式武器在一定程度上暂时改变了北方战场上的力量对比,但却无法根本挽救明王朝的衰落。值得关注的是,大规模引入西洋火器的行动激起了明王朝内部新旧观念的激烈斗争,迫使徐光启的计划最终半途而废,而且明王朝使用先进西洋火器反过来也刺激了清朝在此领域的迅速发展。徐光启引入西洋火器,其主要目的无疑是为了挽救明朝覆灭,但同时也应该看到,他希望能借此机会改变南京教案后明朝确定的排斥天主教政策,推动天主教在华的进一步发展。徐光启抱憾去世后,他引入西洋先进火器和战争思想的努力,间接地为清朝彻底击败明朝,统一国家,拓宽疆土提供了重要条件。 In the late Ming Dynasty, renowned minister Xu Guangqi was deeply influenced by Western missionaries such as Ricci. In order to win the war between the Ming and Qing dynasties, with the strong support and assistance of the Portuguese people of Macao, the advanced western firearms were successfully introduced from Macao. At the same time, he was keenly aware of the subversive changes brought about by the new-type combat instruments toward the traditional Cold War era and elaborated a series of new ideas of offensive and defensive. Behind this effort is the subtle change in understanding of the external world in the early 17th century by the Chinese intelligentsia and in particular the introspection and impact on the traditional external outlook under the prevailing Hua-Yi order. Although the new-style weapons temporarily changed the balance of power in the northern battlefield to a certain extent, they failed to fundamentally save the decline of the Ming dynasty. It is worth noting that the massive introduction of the Western firearms provoked a fierce struggle between the old and the new concepts within the Ming Dynasty, forcing Xu Guangqi’s plan to finally come to an end, and that the Ming Dynasty’s use of advanced Western firearms in turn stimulated the Qing Dynasty’s rapid development in this area . The main purpose of Xu Guangqi’s introduction into the Western firearms is undoubtedly to save the Ming dynasty. At the same time, he should also see that he hopes to take this opportunity to change the Catholic policy of rejecting Catholicism and to promote the further development of Catholicism in China. After Xu Guangqi regretted his death, his efforts in introducing advanced firearms and war ideas in the West indirectly provided an important condition for the Qing Dynasty to completely defeat the Ming Dynasty, unify the country and broaden the territory.