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一座有历史文化价值的古村镇,往往就是一个社会和一段历史的缩影。但国家已经出台的保护古村镇文件,主要是视其物质的文化遗产,而毫不涉及其所蕴藏的丰厚的非物质文化遗产。作为文化遗产的“历史文化名镇(村)”所要保护的,应既包括优秀的、有地域文化特色的古代建筑群,也包括在这些聚落里蕴藏着的传承既久的乡土建筑之外的种种其他形态的非物质文化遗产。本文以浙江乌镇、西塘和河北暖泉三镇为例,阐述了古镇(村)非物质文化遗产的个性和在历史风尘中的流失。古镇(村)的保护是物质的和非物质的双重保护,而不应是单一的。
An ancient village with historical and cultural values is often a microcosm of society and history. However, the country has promulgated the document on the protection of ancient villages and towns, mainly depending on its material cultural heritage, without any reference to its rich intangible cultural heritage. As a cultural heritage, “historical and cultural towns (villages)” should be protected, it should include both excellent and regional cultural characteristics of ancient buildings, as well as contained in these settlements inheritance of both long-standing native buildings Outside the various other forms of intangible cultural heritage. Taking the three towns of Wuzhen, Xitang and Nuanquan in Zhejiang as an example, this article elaborates the individuality of the intangible cultural heritage in the ancient town (village) and its loss in historical dustfall. The protection of the ancient townships (villages) is a dual protection of material and immaterialities, and should not be unitary.