With the rapid development of China’s economy, coal resources are increasingly in great demand. As a result, the re- maining coal reserves diminish gradually with large-scale exploitation of coal resources. Easily-found mines which used to be iden- tified from outcrops or were buried under shallow overburden are decreasing, especially in the prosperous eastern regions of China, which experience coal shortages. Currently the main targets of coal prospecting are concealed and unidentified underground coal bodies, making it more and more difficult for coal prospecting. It is therefore important to explore coal prospecting by taking ad- vantage of modern remote sensing and geographic information system technologies. Given a theoretical basis for coal prospecting by remote sensing, we demonstrate the methodologies and existing problems systematically by summarizing past practices of coal prospecting with remote sensing. We propose a new theory of coal prospecting with remote sensing. In uncovered areas, coal re- sources can be prospected for by direct interpretation. In coal bearing strata of developed areas covered by thin Quaternary strata or vegetation, prospecting for coal can be carried out by indirect interpretation of geomorphology and vegetation. For deeply buried underground deposits, coal prospecting can rely on tectonic structures, interpretation and analysis of new tectonic clues and regular- ity of coal formation and preservation controlled by tectonic structures. By applying newly hyper-spectral, multi-polarization, multi-angle, multi-temporal and multi-resolution remote sensing data and carrying out integrated analysis of geographic attributes, ground attributes, geophysical exploration results, geochemical exploration results, geological drilling results and remote sensing data by GIS tools, coal geology resources and mineralogical regularities can be explored and coal resource information can be ac- quired with some confidence. With the rapid development of China’s economy, coal resources are increasingly in great demand. As a result, the re- maining coal sources diminish gradually with large-scale exploitation of coal resources. Easily-found mines which used to be idenified from outcrops or the buried under shallow overburden are decreasing, especially in the prosperous eastern regions of China, which experience coal shortages. Currently the main targets of coal prospecting are concealed and unidentified underground coal bodies, making it more and more difficult for coal prospecting. It is therefore important to explore coal prospecting by taking ad- vantage of modern remote sensing and geographic information system technologies. Given a theoretical basis for coal prospecting by remote sensing, we demonstrate the methodologies and existing problems systematically by summarizing past practices of coal prospecting with remote sensing We propose a new theory of coal prospecting with remote sensing. In u ncovered areas, coal re- sources for be prospected for by direct interpretation. , coal prospecting can rely on tectonic structures, interpretation and analysis of new tectonic clues and regular- ity of coal formation and preservation controlled by tectonic structures. By applying newly hyper-spectral, multi-polarization, multi-angle, multi-temporal and multi -resolution remote sensing data and carrying out integrated analysis of geographic attributes, ground attributes, geophysical exploration results, geochemical exploration results, geological drilling results and remote sensing data by GIS tools, coal geology resources and mineralogical regularities can be explored and coal resource information can be ac- quired with some confidence.