Heilongjiang is one of the regions where archaeological activities began earliest in China, although this discipline in this province belongs to borderland archaeology. In such a particular geographical district, its archaeological work was in the hand of Russian and then Japanese scholars during the first half of the 20th century. By the end of the second half of the century, the sequential frame of archaeological cultures in Heilongjiang from the Neolithic Age to the Bohai period has been basically established through the construction of research contingents and the accumulation of academic data and under the direction of the region-typological theory. In the early 21st century, Heilongjiang archaeology should aims at the synchronous development with whole Chinese archaeology and linking up with world archaeology.