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美国高等教育肯定性行动日益受到了白人社会的挑战。自1978年巴克案以来,联邦最高法院坚持判定肯定性行动合宪。在2003年的密歇根大学肯定性行动录取案中,美国最高法院以五比四的多数判决判定法学院的入学政策合宪,肯定了肯定性行动有助于大学实现学术多元化目标。司法审查对肯定性行动的支持,实现了实质平等理论、体现了司法保护少数人权利和对代议制民主的补强功能、维护了美国多元化的社会价值,而且通过司法实践,联邦最高法院建立了高等教育肯定性行动的严格审查基准和三阶段步骤的制度。
Affirmative action by higher education in the United States is increasingly being challenged by white society. Since the Barker case in 1978, the Supreme Court upheld the affirmative action. At the University of Michigan Affirmative Action Admissions in 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court decided with a majority of 5: 4 the constitutional admission of the law school and affirmed that affirmative action would help the university achieve its academic diversification goal. Judicial review of affirmative action support, to achieve the theory of substantive equality, reflects the judicial protection of minority rights and the strengthening of the system of representative democracy, safeguarding the diversity of the United States the social value, and through judicial practice, the federal Supreme Court established Higher Education Affirmative Action Rigorous Benchmarking and Three-phase Steps System.