[目的]研究杂交籼稻育种过程中的植株农艺性状的演变。[方法]选择过去30年在长江中下游稻区大面积推广的23个杂交籼稻品种为实验材料,在相同的大田管理和栽培条件下,比较各杂交组合的单株产量和形态特征,并对各农艺性状进行相关分析和通径分析。[结果]结果表明,在杂交籼稻组合的演替过程中,尽管株高、千粒重和每穗粒数有少许增加,但单株有效穗数下降,引起单株产量和生物量降低;单茎的茎鞘、叶片、穗重增加,抽穗后叶片的光合能力增强。相关分析和通径分析表明,单株生物量和每穗粒数与单株产量呈显著相关,其中,生物量是影响单株产量的主要因素。[结论]在杂交稻的育种和栽培中,在强调单个有效穗的大穗优势的同时,必须注重品种的分蘖发生能力,建立适宜的群体密度以获取高产。 [Objective] The research aimed to study the evolution of plant agronomic traits in hybrid indica rice breeding. [Method] Twenty-three hybrid indica rice varieties popularized in large area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the past 30 years were selected as experimental materials. Under the same field management and cultivation conditions, the yield and morphological characteristics of each cross were compared. The agronomic traits related analysis and path analysis. [Result] The results showed that although the plant height, 1000-grain weight and spikelets per spike increased slightly during the succession of hybrid indica rice combinations, the number of effective panicle per plant decreased, which resulted in the decrease of single plant yield and biomass. Stems and sheaths, leaves, panicle weight increased, photosynthetic capacity of leaves after heading increased. Correlation analysis and path analysis showed that single plant biomass and grain number per spike were significantly correlated with single plant yield, of which biomass was the main factor affecting plant yield. [Conclusion] In hybrid rice breeding and cultivation, emphasis should be put on the tillering ability of varieties and the appropriate population density to obtain high yield while emphasizing the big spike advantage of single effective panicle.