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流感是一种特别的传染病,它潜在的威胁在于能够在几个月内感染世界上30%的人口。二十一世纪的第一次世界流感大流行由甲型H1N1流感所引起,病原体是一种以前未曾发现过的人、猪、禽三源重组甲型H1N1亚型流感病毒,主要通过real-time RT-PCR方法进行实验室诊断。典型的临床症状包括发热、流涕、咳嗽、咽部疼痛,部分病例伴有呕吐和腹泻症状。发病和重症人群主要集中于年轻人和健康成年人,住院病例往往有基础性慢性疾病。流行程度较普通季节性流感略强。病毒对金刚烷胺类药物耐药,对oseltamivir和zanamivir敏感,比起季节性流感引起雪貂和非人类灵长类动物更为严重的病理病变。人群抗体水平调查显示,部分60岁以上老年人对其有保护性抗体。疫苗接种是有效控制其传播的重要手段。
Influenza is a particularly contagious disease, with the potential threat of infecting 30% of the world’s population in a matter of months. The first worldwide influenza pandemic of the 21st century was caused by the Influenza A (H1N1) virus, a previously unseen human, swine and poultry three-source recombinant influenza A (H1N1) virus that is mainly detected by real-time RT-PCR method for laboratory diagnosis. Typical clinical symptoms include fever, runny nose, cough, pharyngeal pain, and some cases with vomiting and diarrhea. Incidence and critically ill people are mainly concentrated in young and healthy adults, hospitalized cases often have underlying chronic diseases. The prevalence is slightly stronger than the average seasonal flu. The virus is resistant to amantadine and is susceptible to oseltamivir and zanamivir, causing more severe pathological lesions in ferrets and non-human primates than in seasonal flu. A survey of population antibody levels shows that some of the elderly over 60 years of age have protective antibodies against them. Vaccination is an important means of controlling its spread effectively.