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摘 要: 边缘介词是介词当中一类较为特殊的介词,它具有一般介词所具有的某些语法功能,但由于它的词形较特别,而大多数语法书中都没有给出详尽的用法说明及例句,人们往往很难准确理解这类词的用法。本文介绍了常见的边缘介词,按词形把它们归纳为-ing型边缘介词 、过去分词型边缘介词、动词型边缘介词和重叠型边缘介词四大类,并结合详尽的例句分析其语义及翻译方法,以期对读者准确掌握边缘介词有所帮助。
关键词: 边缘介词 语义 翻译
一、引言
英语中的介词是表示名词和句中其他词之间关系的词。“介词能和名词、动词、形容词等词搭配,表示多种不同的意思”。[1](P395-396)人们通常把介词分为下面几类:简单介词(Simple Prepositions)、合成介词(Compound Prepositions)、边缘介词(Marginal Prepositions)和成语介词(Phrasal Prepositions)。著名学者张道真把介词按结构划分为简单介词(Simple Prepositions)、合成介词(Compound Prepositions)、带-ing词尾的介词(-ing Prepositions)和成语介词(Phrasal Prepositions)。[2](P430-431)由于语言处于不断的发展变化之中,人们尚没有对其给出一个固定的分类模式。
介词的用法灵活多变,不易掌握,而边缘介词(Marginal Prepositions)是介词当中一类较为特殊的介词。目前,学者们尚未对此给出一致的定义,有人认为,边缘介词,顾名思义,就是“处于边缘状态的介词,具有边缘性”(陈丛梅,2008,转引自 侯丽香,2013)。[3]而Randolph Quirk(1985)认为:“边缘介词是由一个英语单词构成的、与动词和形容词关系密切且多用于较正式文体或古体中的介词。”(转引自 侯丽香,2013)[3]边缘介词大多为分词形式,由于其词形较特别,加上一般的语法书上又没有给出详尽的用法说明及例句,人们往往很难准确理解这些词的用法。然而,这类介词在现代英语中比较普遍,因此,我们很有必要掌握边缘介词的用法。
二、边缘介词的分类、语义及翻译
1.-ing型边缘介词
英语中,-ing型的边缘介词占很大比例,其中最为常见的有concerning,considering,regarding,touching,according,respecting,including,excluding,excepting,failing,wanting,during,barring,bating,saving,following,pending,notwithstanding等。这类介词具有现在分词的形式,却不是由动词演变而来。
(1)concerning,regarding,touching
concerning,regarding和touching均意为“about”,“with regard to”,译为“关……于”、“有关……”,均用于正式文体中。例如:
They showed anxiety considering their retired allowance.
关于他们的养老金,他们显得甚为焦急。
Regarding the topic,you should talk to your supervisor.
关于这个话题,你应该去找你的导师谈谈。
Mary asked me a few questions touching my school life.
玛丽问了我一些关于我的学习生活的问题。
其中concerning还可以和as连用,有两种形式,即as concerning和as concerns,都作“关于”解,但意思比considering更强些[1](P450)。
As concerning the date of my wedding,I’d like to keep it secret from my family.关于我的婚期,我想对我的家人保密。
As concerns this topic,I’d like to add my own opinions.关于这一话题,我想补充我自己的观点。
(2)considering
considering意为“in view of”,“having regard to”,译为“就……而论”、“照……来看”、“考虑到……”、“鉴于……”等。例如:
She is very active,considering her age.就她的年龄而言,她是十分活跃的。[4](P422)
Considering he’s only just started,he knows quite a lot about it.[4](P422)
鉴于他才刚刚开始,他懂得已经不少了。
(3)according
according意为“as stated or shown by”,“in a way that agrees with”,译为“如……所说或所显示”、“按照”、“根据”、“视……而定”。例如:
According to Mike,it is a great game.据迈克说,比赛很精彩。
The work was done according to the president’s will.这项工作是按照总裁的意思做的。
(4)respecting respecting意为“with respect to”,“relating to”,“in connection with”,“in view of ”,译为“关于”、“由于”、“鉴于”、“谈及”。例如:
Respecting the situation,mutual respect and understanding should be developed.
鉴于这一状况,必须建立起相互的尊重和理解。
Respecting these figures,I can not support you on this.鉴于这些数据,我不能支持你的观点。
(5)including
including意为“counting”,“besides”,译为“包括”。例如:
Six people were killed in the riot,including a policeman.[4](P1032)
暴乱中有6人死亡,包括一名警察。
The family album contains fifty photos,including twenty of the baby’s birthday party.
这本家庭相册中共有50张照片,包括这个婴儿的20张生日照。
(6)excluding,excepting
excluding和excepting意为“not counting”,“except”,“not including”,“except for”,译为“不包括”、“不含”、“除……之外”。例如:
Lunch costs 10 dollars per person,excluding drinks.午餐每人10美元,酒水除外。
He checked all the answers excepting the last one.
除了最后一题的答案之外,所有的答案他都检查过了。
(7)failing,wanting
failing和wanting意为“in theabsence of”,“in default of”,“without”,译为“没有”、“如果没有”、“若无……时”。例如:
Failing the good post,you should try to start from odd jobs.
如果没有好的工作岗位,你应该试着从做一些临工开始。
Failing others’ help,you have to do the job on your own.
若没有其他人帮助,你得独立完成这项工作。
Wanting mutual trust,friendship is hard to endure.
没有互相的信任,友谊便难以长存。
(8)during
during意为“through the whole course of”,“at the some point”,“in the course of”,译为“(指整段时间)在……时间”、“(指某段时间的某一点)在……时候”。例如:
He was taken to the hospital during the night.他在夜间被送往了医院。
I visited many places during my stay in Europe.我待在欧洲那段时间曾去过好多地方。
(9)barring,bating,saving
barring,bating和saving意为“except”,“except for”,译为“除……之外”、“除非”、“若无”。例如:
The plane should land safely barring the accident.
若无那次事故,飞机应该是能够安全着陆的。
Everyone has taken the tests bating David.
除了David之外,每个人都参加了考试。
All the disputes have been solved during the discussion saving the last one.
除了最后一个问题外,所有的争端都在谈判中解决了。
(10)following
following意为“after”,译为“在……之后”。例如:
Following the seminar,the professor will have a few minutes to visit the campus.
在研讨会之后,教授有几分钟时间可以参观校园。
Following the wonderful speech,the audience gave the professor a warm applause to show their thanks.在教授精彩的演讲之后,听众以热烈的掌声对他表示感谢。
(11)pending
pending意为“until”,“during and till the end of”,“before”,译为“直到……时候”、“在……期间”、“在……之前”。例如:
He was released on bail pending further inquiries.[4](P469) 他获得保释,等候进一步调查。
She was deeply impressed by the hospitality of local people pending his visit to the village.
在访问这个小村庄期间,当地人的热情好客给她留下了深刻的印象。
(12)notwithstanding
notwithstanding意为“in spite of”,“regardless of”,译为“虽然”、“尽管”。例如:
Notwithstanding some financial problems,the school has achieved success in the past few years.
尽管有些经费问题,学校在过去几年还是取得了成就。
They go on doing the experiment notwithstanding some failures.
虽然有过失败,他们还是继续做实验。
2.过去分词型边缘介词
过去分词型边缘介词往往以-en或-ed结尾,最常用的有given,granted等,现对其语义和翻译技巧阐述如下:
(1)given
given意为“considering”,“taking into account”,译为“考虑到”、“鉴于”。例如:
Given her age,I think she’s done rather well in the performence.
就她的年龄来看,我认为她在这次表演中的表现已经相当不错了。
Given his experience and qualifications in this area,they will give him the job he wants.
鉴于他在这一领域的经验和资质,他们会给他这份他想要的工作的。
(2)granted
granted意为“assuming”,“supposing”,译为“假定”、“即使”。例如:
Granted the bad weather,the farmers must take other measures to protect their crops.
假如遇到恶劣天气,农民就得采取别的措施来保护庄稼。
Granted his tiredness,he must go on working.
即使他非常疲劳,他也得接着工作。
3.动词型边缘介词
动词型边缘介词为数不多,形似动词原形,最常用的有bar,save,less,plus和minus等,他们的语义和翻译技巧如下:
(1)bar
bar意为“except”,“except for”,译为“除了……之外”、“除非”。例如:
We’ll come on time bar traffic jam.除非遇到交通堵塞,否则我们将准时到达。
The whole teaching staff was trained to use the new equipment,bar none.
全体教职工都参加了使用新设备的培训,一个都不例外。
(2)save
save为正式用语,意为“except”,“except for”,译为“除了……之外”。例如:
The building was all dark save for one single light from a third-storey window.
除了三楼的一个窗户透出一丝光之外,整幢楼一片黑暗。
All the students have participated in the sports meet save him.
除他之外,所有的学生都参加了运动会。
(3)plus
plus意为“with the addition of ”,“not only…but also”,译为“也”、“外加”、“不仅……而且”、“和”。例如:
Three plus five is eight.三加五等于八。
The work needs experience plus care.这项工作需要经验和细心。
(4)minus
minus意为“with the deduction of”,“without”,译为“减去”、“没有”。例如:
He came back from the war minus a leg.他战后回来少了一条腿。
Eight minus three is five.八减去三等于五。
(5)times
times意为“multiplied by”,译为“乘以”。
Three times four is twelve.三乘以四等于十二。
(6)less
less意为“before a particular amount that must be taken away from the amount just mentioned”,译为“减去”、“扣除”。例如:
This is your monthly salary of $2000 less tax and insurance.[4](P157) 这是你的月薪2000美元,从中已扣除税款和保险费。
4.重叠型边缘介词
重叠型边缘介词由两个介词连接组成,词形较特殊,常见的有from型重叠边缘介词和until型重叠的边缘介词。
(1)from型重叠边缘介词
from among,from behind,from under和from out of等均属这类介词中较常用的边缘介词,它们分别意为为“come from a group”,“come from the back of somebody or something”,“come from the lower part of”,“come out from a place”,翻译重叠边缘介词时只需将两个介词的意思按顺序组合起来,因此可译为“从……当中”、“从……后面”、“从……下面”和“从……出来”。例如:
He is a technician from among the workers.他是一个工人出身的技术员。
The sun appears from behind the mountain.太阳从山背后出来了。
The mouse ran from under the barn.老鼠从谷仓底下跑了出来。
Slowly,the old mad came from out of his apartment.那个老人缓慢地从公寓里走了出来。
(2)until型重叠边缘介词
until型重叠边缘常见的有“until after”,“until before”,“until at”等,它们分别意为“not… until a certain time”,“until ahead of a certain time or degree”,“not…until a certain time”,译为“直到……之后”、“直到……之前”、“直到……”。例如:
I will not go home until after I finish my homework.我要写完作业后才回家。
You will not be able to finish your work until before midnight.半夜前你才能完成这项工作。
三、结语
正确理解边缘介词的语义和翻译技巧,有助于读者正确理解句子的内涵,是学好英语的一个关键。本文对边缘介词的分类方法主要是按词形来归类划分的,便于广大学习者理解和掌握边缘介词,但这并非是唯一的分类标准,也无法将所有的边缘介词都罗列出来,以期起到抛砖引玉的作用。
参考文献:
[1]罗国梁,罗健利.当代实用英语精华[M].上海:华东化工学院出版社,1992.
[2]张道真.实用英语语法[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2002.
[3]侯丽香.浅谈英语中的边缘介词.鸡西大学学报[J],2013(3).
[4][英]霍恩比,著.王玉章,等译.牛津高阶英汉双解词典第7版[K].北京:商务印书馆,2009.
关键词: 边缘介词 语义 翻译
一、引言
英语中的介词是表示名词和句中其他词之间关系的词。“介词能和名词、动词、形容词等词搭配,表示多种不同的意思”。[1](P395-396)人们通常把介词分为下面几类:简单介词(Simple Prepositions)、合成介词(Compound Prepositions)、边缘介词(Marginal Prepositions)和成语介词(Phrasal Prepositions)。著名学者张道真把介词按结构划分为简单介词(Simple Prepositions)、合成介词(Compound Prepositions)、带-ing词尾的介词(-ing Prepositions)和成语介词(Phrasal Prepositions)。[2](P430-431)由于语言处于不断的发展变化之中,人们尚没有对其给出一个固定的分类模式。
介词的用法灵活多变,不易掌握,而边缘介词(Marginal Prepositions)是介词当中一类较为特殊的介词。目前,学者们尚未对此给出一致的定义,有人认为,边缘介词,顾名思义,就是“处于边缘状态的介词,具有边缘性”(陈丛梅,2008,转引自 侯丽香,2013)。[3]而Randolph Quirk(1985)认为:“边缘介词是由一个英语单词构成的、与动词和形容词关系密切且多用于较正式文体或古体中的介词。”(转引自 侯丽香,2013)[3]边缘介词大多为分词形式,由于其词形较特别,加上一般的语法书上又没有给出详尽的用法说明及例句,人们往往很难准确理解这些词的用法。然而,这类介词在现代英语中比较普遍,因此,我们很有必要掌握边缘介词的用法。
二、边缘介词的分类、语义及翻译
1.-ing型边缘介词
英语中,-ing型的边缘介词占很大比例,其中最为常见的有concerning,considering,regarding,touching,according,respecting,including,excluding,excepting,failing,wanting,during,barring,bating,saving,following,pending,notwithstanding等。这类介词具有现在分词的形式,却不是由动词演变而来。
(1)concerning,regarding,touching
concerning,regarding和touching均意为“about”,“with regard to”,译为“关……于”、“有关……”,均用于正式文体中。例如:
They showed anxiety considering their retired allowance.
关于他们的养老金,他们显得甚为焦急。
Regarding the topic,you should talk to your supervisor.
关于这个话题,你应该去找你的导师谈谈。
Mary asked me a few questions touching my school life.
玛丽问了我一些关于我的学习生活的问题。
其中concerning还可以和as连用,有两种形式,即as concerning和as concerns,都作“关于”解,但意思比considering更强些[1](P450)。
As concerning the date of my wedding,I’d like to keep it secret from my family.关于我的婚期,我想对我的家人保密。
As concerns this topic,I’d like to add my own opinions.关于这一话题,我想补充我自己的观点。
(2)considering
considering意为“in view of”,“having regard to”,译为“就……而论”、“照……来看”、“考虑到……”、“鉴于……”等。例如:
She is very active,considering her age.就她的年龄而言,她是十分活跃的。[4](P422)
Considering he’s only just started,he knows quite a lot about it.[4](P422)
鉴于他才刚刚开始,他懂得已经不少了。
(3)according
according意为“as stated or shown by”,“in a way that agrees with”,译为“如……所说或所显示”、“按照”、“根据”、“视……而定”。例如:
According to Mike,it is a great game.据迈克说,比赛很精彩。
The work was done according to the president’s will.这项工作是按照总裁的意思做的。
(4)respecting respecting意为“with respect to”,“relating to”,“in connection with”,“in view of ”,译为“关于”、“由于”、“鉴于”、“谈及”。例如:
Respecting the situation,mutual respect and understanding should be developed.
鉴于这一状况,必须建立起相互的尊重和理解。
Respecting these figures,I can not support you on this.鉴于这些数据,我不能支持你的观点。
(5)including
including意为“counting”,“besides”,译为“包括”。例如:
Six people were killed in the riot,including a policeman.[4](P1032)
暴乱中有6人死亡,包括一名警察。
The family album contains fifty photos,including twenty of the baby’s birthday party.
这本家庭相册中共有50张照片,包括这个婴儿的20张生日照。
(6)excluding,excepting
excluding和excepting意为“not counting”,“except”,“not including”,“except for”,译为“不包括”、“不含”、“除……之外”。例如:
Lunch costs 10 dollars per person,excluding drinks.午餐每人10美元,酒水除外。
He checked all the answers excepting the last one.
除了最后一题的答案之外,所有的答案他都检查过了。
(7)failing,wanting
failing和wanting意为“in theabsence of”,“in default of”,“without”,译为“没有”、“如果没有”、“若无……时”。例如:
Failing the good post,you should try to start from odd jobs.
如果没有好的工作岗位,你应该试着从做一些临工开始。
Failing others’ help,you have to do the job on your own.
若没有其他人帮助,你得独立完成这项工作。
Wanting mutual trust,friendship is hard to endure.
没有互相的信任,友谊便难以长存。
(8)during
during意为“through the whole course of”,“at the some point”,“in the course of”,译为“(指整段时间)在……时间”、“(指某段时间的某一点)在……时候”。例如:
He was taken to the hospital during the night.他在夜间被送往了医院。
I visited many places during my stay in Europe.我待在欧洲那段时间曾去过好多地方。
(9)barring,bating,saving
barring,bating和saving意为“except”,“except for”,译为“除……之外”、“除非”、“若无”。例如:
The plane should land safely barring the accident.
若无那次事故,飞机应该是能够安全着陆的。
Everyone has taken the tests bating David.
除了David之外,每个人都参加了考试。
All the disputes have been solved during the discussion saving the last one.
除了最后一个问题外,所有的争端都在谈判中解决了。
(10)following
following意为“after”,译为“在……之后”。例如:
Following the seminar,the professor will have a few minutes to visit the campus.
在研讨会之后,教授有几分钟时间可以参观校园。
Following the wonderful speech,the audience gave the professor a warm applause to show their thanks.在教授精彩的演讲之后,听众以热烈的掌声对他表示感谢。
(11)pending
pending意为“until”,“during and till the end of”,“before”,译为“直到……时候”、“在……期间”、“在……之前”。例如:
He was released on bail pending further inquiries.[4](P469) 他获得保释,等候进一步调查。
She was deeply impressed by the hospitality of local people pending his visit to the village.
在访问这个小村庄期间,当地人的热情好客给她留下了深刻的印象。
(12)notwithstanding
notwithstanding意为“in spite of”,“regardless of”,译为“虽然”、“尽管”。例如:
Notwithstanding some financial problems,the school has achieved success in the past few years.
尽管有些经费问题,学校在过去几年还是取得了成就。
They go on doing the experiment notwithstanding some failures.
虽然有过失败,他们还是继续做实验。
2.过去分词型边缘介词
过去分词型边缘介词往往以-en或-ed结尾,最常用的有given,granted等,现对其语义和翻译技巧阐述如下:
(1)given
given意为“considering”,“taking into account”,译为“考虑到”、“鉴于”。例如:
Given her age,I think she’s done rather well in the performence.
就她的年龄来看,我认为她在这次表演中的表现已经相当不错了。
Given his experience and qualifications in this area,they will give him the job he wants.
鉴于他在这一领域的经验和资质,他们会给他这份他想要的工作的。
(2)granted
granted意为“assuming”,“supposing”,译为“假定”、“即使”。例如:
Granted the bad weather,the farmers must take other measures to protect their crops.
假如遇到恶劣天气,农民就得采取别的措施来保护庄稼。
Granted his tiredness,he must go on working.
即使他非常疲劳,他也得接着工作。
3.动词型边缘介词
动词型边缘介词为数不多,形似动词原形,最常用的有bar,save,less,plus和minus等,他们的语义和翻译技巧如下:
(1)bar
bar意为“except”,“except for”,译为“除了……之外”、“除非”。例如:
We’ll come on time bar traffic jam.除非遇到交通堵塞,否则我们将准时到达。
The whole teaching staff was trained to use the new equipment,bar none.
全体教职工都参加了使用新设备的培训,一个都不例外。
(2)save
save为正式用语,意为“except”,“except for”,译为“除了……之外”。例如:
The building was all dark save for one single light from a third-storey window.
除了三楼的一个窗户透出一丝光之外,整幢楼一片黑暗。
All the students have participated in the sports meet save him.
除他之外,所有的学生都参加了运动会。
(3)plus
plus意为“with the addition of ”,“not only…but also”,译为“也”、“外加”、“不仅……而且”、“和”。例如:
Three plus five is eight.三加五等于八。
The work needs experience plus care.这项工作需要经验和细心。
(4)minus
minus意为“with the deduction of”,“without”,译为“减去”、“没有”。例如:
He came back from the war minus a leg.他战后回来少了一条腿。
Eight minus three is five.八减去三等于五。
(5)times
times意为“multiplied by”,译为“乘以”。
Three times four is twelve.三乘以四等于十二。
(6)less
less意为“before a particular amount that must be taken away from the amount just mentioned”,译为“减去”、“扣除”。例如:
This is your monthly salary of $2000 less tax and insurance.[4](P157) 这是你的月薪2000美元,从中已扣除税款和保险费。
4.重叠型边缘介词
重叠型边缘介词由两个介词连接组成,词形较特殊,常见的有from型重叠边缘介词和until型重叠的边缘介词。
(1)from型重叠边缘介词
from among,from behind,from under和from out of等均属这类介词中较常用的边缘介词,它们分别意为为“come from a group”,“come from the back of somebody or something”,“come from the lower part of”,“come out from a place”,翻译重叠边缘介词时只需将两个介词的意思按顺序组合起来,因此可译为“从……当中”、“从……后面”、“从……下面”和“从……出来”。例如:
He is a technician from among the workers.他是一个工人出身的技术员。
The sun appears from behind the mountain.太阳从山背后出来了。
The mouse ran from under the barn.老鼠从谷仓底下跑了出来。
Slowly,the old mad came from out of his apartment.那个老人缓慢地从公寓里走了出来。
(2)until型重叠边缘介词
until型重叠边缘常见的有“until after”,“until before”,“until at”等,它们分别意为“not… until a certain time”,“until ahead of a certain time or degree”,“not…until a certain time”,译为“直到……之后”、“直到……之前”、“直到……”。例如:
I will not go home until after I finish my homework.我要写完作业后才回家。
You will not be able to finish your work until before midnight.半夜前你才能完成这项工作。
三、结语
正确理解边缘介词的语义和翻译技巧,有助于读者正确理解句子的内涵,是学好英语的一个关键。本文对边缘介词的分类方法主要是按词形来归类划分的,便于广大学习者理解和掌握边缘介词,但这并非是唯一的分类标准,也无法将所有的边缘介词都罗列出来,以期起到抛砖引玉的作用。
参考文献:
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[2]张道真.实用英语语法[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2002.
[3]侯丽香.浅谈英语中的边缘介词.鸡西大学学报[J],2013(3).
[4][英]霍恩比,著.王玉章,等译.牛津高阶英汉双解词典第7版[K].北京:商务印书馆,2009.