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PISA将阅读能力分为三大类:获取信息、解释信息、评价信息;他们并不认为这三个是逐次加深的层级,而是对这三类能力做了六种由低到高的层级区分。①安德森在布卢姆认知分类的基础上提出了六种认知类型:记忆、理解、应用、分析、评价、创造。这些认知能力的分类适应所有学科,语文学科也不例外,其中记忆、应用、创造大致相当于语言文字运用和写作,与阅读相关的仍然主要是理解、分析和评价———基本与PISA一致。目前,全国各省市的考试说明/手册对语文能力的分类也大致基于安德森和布卢姆的分类法,与
PISA divides reading comprehension into three categories: access to information, interpretation of information, and evaluation of information; they do not think that these three are progressively deeper levels, but instead do six different low-to-high levels of these three types of competencies. . 1 Anderson put forward six types of cognition based on Bloom’s cognitive classification: memory, understanding, application, analysis, evaluation, and creation. The classification of these cognitive abilities adapts to all disciplines, and the Chinese language disciplines are no exception. Among them, memory, application, and creation are roughly equivalent to the use of language and writing, and reading is still mainly related to understanding, analysis, and evaluation—basically consistent with PISA. . At present, the classification of language proficiency in examination instructions/handbooks in various provinces and cities across the country is also based on the classification of Anderson and Bloom.