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实验研究包括处理因素、受试对象和实验效应三个基本要素。实验设计中必须遵循对照、随机化和重复三个基本原则。常用的对照形式有:空白对照、安慰剂对照、实验对照、自身对照和标准对照等。贯彻随机分配原则是提高对比组之间均衡可比的重要手段,是控制选择性偏倚唯一有效的方法,也是资料分析、统计推断的理论基础。
The experimental research includes three basic elements: treatment factors, subjects and experimental effects. The experimental design must follow the three basic principles of control, randomization and repetition. Commonly used forms of control are: blank control, placebo control, experimental control, self-control and standard controls. Carrying out the principle of random allocation is an important means to improve the balanced comparison among the comparative groups. It is the only effective way to control the selective bias and also the theoretical basis for data analysis and statistical inference.