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摘 要 补足语涉及面多,主要的有主语补足语、宾语补足语、形容词补足语,充当这些补足语的有形容词、名词、数词、不定式、分词、介词短语、名词短语等,这些词的运用,使补足语的内容更加丰富生动,详细的分析使我们对各类词语在句中的作用有了新的认识,要求在阅读中,认真体会句子的含义,英语书写也更加生动。
关键词 补足语
在现代英语中,补足语是一种非常引人注目的句子成分,很多句子往往是在有了补足语以后,句子的语义才显得完整。譬如说,“He found the film very amusing.”(他发现这电影很有趣)。在这个句子中,形容词amusing是宾语the film的补足语,有了这个宾语补足语以后,语义就完整了。又如,”His English is not bad for a first-year couege student.”(对于一年级的大学生来说,他的英语是不错的。)这里的介词短语for a first-year college student是作句中形容词的补足语,有了这个补足语以后,句子的语义才比较清楚,因为补足语在这里提供了一个标准。
我们在本文中要讨论的补足语远不止这些,因为在英语中,补足语有很多种,涉及的面也较多。一般来说,我们接触较多的、较常见的是主语补足语 、宾语补足语、和形容词补足语。
一、主语补足语
主语补足语是用来补足主语意义的句子成分。形容词、名词、数词、不定式、分词、介词短语等都可以用来作主语补足语。
1.The high jumper, tall and stout, once again broke the word record yesterday.(这跳高运动员又高又壮,昨天一次打破世界记录)。(形容词短语作主语补足语)
2.Wild with joy , he boasted himself an all-round man.(他欣喜若狂,自称是个多面手。)(形容词短语作主语补足语)
3.He went into the library a happy man.(他走进图书馆时是高高兴兴的。)(名词短语作主语补足语)
4.As a distinguished guest, he was warmly welcomed everywhere in China.(作为贵宾,他在中国受到热烈欢迎)(用作主语补足语的名词前加as)
5.He died a martyr at his post.(他以身殉职。)(名词作主语补足语)
6.Yang, 20, has become a world-famous swimmer.(杨,20岁,已经成为世界著名游泳运动员了。)(数词20用作主语补足语)
7.He came out of the house quite irritated.(他走出屋子时很气恼)(过去分词短语作主语补足语)
8.He ran into the classroom out of breath.(他上气不接下气地跑进了教室)(介词短语作主语补足语)
9.He was ordered to be removed from the office.(有命令要撤他职)(不定式被动式作主语补足语)
二、宾语补足语
宾语补足语是用来补足宾语意义的句子成分。名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词和短语等都可以用来作宾语补足语。
1.用名词或形容词作宾语补足语是比较常见的
例如:Will you please find me a good dictionary?(给我找本好字典,好不好?)(名词短语作宾语补足语)
They are going to nominate him a member in the standing committee. (他们将提名他为常务委员会成员)(名词短语作宾语补足语)
The Party has made him a brilliant student.
(党把他培养成一个优秀学生)(名词短语作宾语补足语)
At 2 o’clock in the afternoon, he declared the meeting open.
(下午两点,他宣布会议开始) (形容词作宾语补足语)
Since the weather is cold, we must keep room warmth!
由于天气冷,我们一定要保持室内温暖) (形容词作宾语补足语)
2.用不定式作宾语补足语也比较常见,但有的不定式带to,有的不带to,这要看前面的动词: (在一般性的动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式要带to)
例如:The teacher ask his students to do there homework in good earnest.(教师要求他的学生们认真完成家庭作业)
Yesterday, he taught his students (how) to swim fast.(昨天,他教学生怎么游得快)
(但在let, make, see, hear, watch, have等及物动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式要省略to,在help动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.) 例如:We must make everyone understand the truth.(我们必须使每个人都懂得这真理)
We heard them speak English last night.(昨天晚上,我们听见他们说英语)
Shall we help him (to) repair the machine?(我们帮他修机器好吗?)
3.用分词作宾语补足语是宾语补足语中比较有趣的一部分,值得探讨
(1)用现在分词作宾语补足语:
The moment he entered the room, he found herm listening to the teacher attentively.(他一进教室就发现他们在聚精会神地听老师讲课)这句中的宾语补足语listening表示正在听讲的动作。
You could hear someone whispering in the classroom.(你能听见有人在教室里低声细语)这句中的宾语补足语whispering表示正在低声细语的动作。
Just now I saw a student, climbing onto a tractor.(刚才,我看见一个学生正在往拖拉机上爬)这句中的宾语补足语climbing表示正在爬的动作。如果我们换一个宾语补足语,用不带to的不定式climb来代替,这个climb是表示动作的全过程,意为爬上了拖拉机。
Just now I saw a student climb onto a tractor.(刚才,我看见一个学生爬上了拖拉机)
(2)用过去分词作宾语补足语:
They are going to get the paper printed.(他们将把论文付印)
I am going to have a picture taken.(我打算去拍一张照)
He is going to have his clothes washed.(他将去把衣服洗了)这句中的have his clothes washed一般指让别人给洗衣服.
4.用介词短语作宾语补足语是补足语中很重要的部分,但很容易被忽视,应该引起我们的注意
Can you recognize this new student among a crowd?(你能在一群人中认出这个新学生来吗?)
PLA will recruit new soldiers into the army.(解放军将招募新兵入伍)
We all praise him as a model worker.(我们都赞扬他为模范工作者)
We regard them as the most promising scholars.(我们认为他们是最有希望的学者)
Don’t treat them as outsiders.(不要把他们当局外人来对待)
After a few hours’ walk, they found themselves in a forest.(步行了几小时之后,他们发现自己已经进入了一个森林)
上面第一句的宾语补足语among a crowd是给主动词recognize的一个辨认范围,使句子的语义非常确切。第二句中的宾语补足语into the army也使宾语new soldiers的去向更清楚。第三句的宾语补足语as a model worker是进一步说明主动词praise在赞扬什么。在第四、第五、第六句中,如果没有这些介词短语as the most promising scholars, as outsiders和in a forest作宾语补足语,那么这些句子的结构就很不完整,含义就根本不清楚,例如在最后一句中(After a few hours’ walk, they found themselves in a forest), in a forest这个介词短语是作宾语themselves的补足语,说明他们在什么地方。如果我们去掉这个宾语补足语,这句子就不成句子了,含义也就根本不清楚了。由此可见,宾语补足语是句子的重要部分,它使句子结构完整,含义清楚。
三、形容词补足语
除了主语补足语和宾语补足语以外,我们在英语中也经常看到形容词补足语。形容词补足语是英语中数量很大的语言现象,值得我们研究。
首先,介词短语作形容词补足语:形容词在句子中经常和大量的各式各样的介词短语连用来表达丰富的句子含义。同样一个形容词,如果后面跟的介词不一样,也就是后面跟的补足语不一样,语义完全不一样。
我们拿形容词good作例。Good at是“擅长于”之意,而good for是“有益于”、“有利于”、“有效”或“价值多少”之意。
He good at mathematics.(他擅长于数学)
It’s good for health to do morning exercises. (做早操有益于健康)
The secondhand bike is good for 80 yuan.(这辆旧车值八十元钱) 我们再拿形容词pleased作例。pleased at是“因···而高兴”之意,而pleased with是“对···满意或喜爱”之意。
We are much pleased at the news.(我们听了这消息非常高兴)
We are very pleased with their work.(我们对他的工作非常满意)
I was much pleased with the film.(我很喜欢这个电影)
因此,我们要密切注意形容词和介词的搭配问题,尤其是常用形容词和介词的搭配问题。这就是说,一定的形容词要和合适的介词短语(即合适的补足语)相结合,语义才能确切、生动。这里所指的介词当然是about, at, from, of, on, upon, to, 和with.
其次,不定式短语作形容词的补足语,例如:
He is very glad to attend your meeting.(他出席了你的会议很高兴)
I am very sorry to waste you so much time.(我很抱歉,浪费了你这么多时间)
John is foolish to overestimate such a fool.(约翰很愚蠢,他过高估计了这样一个傻瓜)
I was surprised to see him changed so much.(看到他变得这么多,我很惊奇)
He was lucky to catch the last bus.(他很幸运,赶上了最后一班车)
上面这些句子中的形容词glad, sorry, foolish, surprised, lucky都是有情感色彩,紧跟其后的不定式短语作形容词补足语,说明原因。这些句子的主语也是不定式短语的主语。
但在有些句子中,紧跟在形容词后面不定式短语(作形容词补足语)是表示方面,例如:
He was reluctant to follow other’s advice.(他不愿意听从别人的劝告)
He was always ready to help others.(他愿意帮助别人)
The boy is apt to learn.(这男孩善于学习)
Jack is slow to understand my questions.(杰克理解我的问题很慢)
The sentence is difficult to understand.(这句子难懂)
第三、that从句作形容词补足语:
在certain, sure, confident等表示信心或肯定语气的形容词后,that从句一般是用陈述式句子,如:
I am certain that these students will make great progress in their studies.(我确信,这些学生会在他们学习中取得进步)
I am sure that he will pass the entrance examination.(我肯定,他将通过入学考试)
They are fully confident that they will achieve brilliant successes in their work.(他们完全相信,他们将在工作中取得辉煌的成就)
但在afraid, angry, glade, surprised, annoyed, worried, proud, delighted, satisfied等表示感情的形容词(或分词)后面,that从句(即形容词补足语)一般是用来修饰前面的形容词,表示原因。
He was angry that others had misunderstood him.(别人误解了他,他为此很生气)
He was a bit worried that comrades did not pay enough attention to safety. (同志们不够注意安全,他有点担心)
We are proud that our country has become a powerful and prosperous socialist country. (我们国家已变成一个强大、繁荣的社会主义国家,我们感到骄傲)
They are all delighted that they have fulfilled their tasks 3 days ahead of time.(他们已提前三天完成任务,他们都感到高兴)
第四、—ing分词短语作形容词补足语:
—ing分词短语可以用在形容词worth, busy之后作形容词补足语,修饰形容词,使句子的含义更完整,如:
His argument is not worth discussing.(他的论点不值一驳)
The problem is worth discussing.(这问题值得讨论)
They are now busy reviewing their lessons.(他们现在正忙着复习功课)
He has been busy writing something.(他一直在忙着写些什么)
These stamps are worth collecting.(这些邮票值得收集)
以上文章的最后部分(形容词补足语)主要分析了数量很大的形容词补足语的具体细节。然后,总体文章分析的是主语补足语、宾语补足语和形容词补足语在英语句子中的位置及所起的作用。更值得我们注意的是,形容词、不定式、分词和介词短语用处很大,不但可以作主语补足语,还可以作宾语补足语。此外,介词短语、不定式短语和从句又可以组成形容词补足语,使补足语的内容更加丰富和生动。这样较为详尽的分析使我们对各类词语在句子中的作用有了新的认识,要求我们在英语阅读中更细心地去注意它们,注意它们在结构上的特点及含义上的细微区别,以使我们更确切地理解句子的内在含义。在写作上,我们也要根据它们的具体含义和用法来应用它们,使我们的书写英语更加生动、活泼。
关键词 补足语
在现代英语中,补足语是一种非常引人注目的句子成分,很多句子往往是在有了补足语以后,句子的语义才显得完整。譬如说,“He found the film very amusing.”(他发现这电影很有趣)。在这个句子中,形容词amusing是宾语the film的补足语,有了这个宾语补足语以后,语义就完整了。又如,”His English is not bad for a first-year couege student.”(对于一年级的大学生来说,他的英语是不错的。)这里的介词短语for a first-year college student是作句中形容词的补足语,有了这个补足语以后,句子的语义才比较清楚,因为补足语在这里提供了一个标准。
我们在本文中要讨论的补足语远不止这些,因为在英语中,补足语有很多种,涉及的面也较多。一般来说,我们接触较多的、较常见的是主语补足语 、宾语补足语、和形容词补足语。
一、主语补足语
主语补足语是用来补足主语意义的句子成分。形容词、名词、数词、不定式、分词、介词短语等都可以用来作主语补足语。
1.The high jumper, tall and stout, once again broke the word record yesterday.(这跳高运动员又高又壮,昨天一次打破世界记录)。(形容词短语作主语补足语)
2.Wild with joy , he boasted himself an all-round man.(他欣喜若狂,自称是个多面手。)(形容词短语作主语补足语)
3.He went into the library a happy man.(他走进图书馆时是高高兴兴的。)(名词短语作主语补足语)
4.As a distinguished guest, he was warmly welcomed everywhere in China.(作为贵宾,他在中国受到热烈欢迎)(用作主语补足语的名词前加as)
5.He died a martyr at his post.(他以身殉职。)(名词作主语补足语)
6.Yang, 20, has become a world-famous swimmer.(杨,20岁,已经成为世界著名游泳运动员了。)(数词20用作主语补足语)
7.He came out of the house quite irritated.(他走出屋子时很气恼)(过去分词短语作主语补足语)
8.He ran into the classroom out of breath.(他上气不接下气地跑进了教室)(介词短语作主语补足语)
9.He was ordered to be removed from the office.(有命令要撤他职)(不定式被动式作主语补足语)
二、宾语补足语
宾语补足语是用来补足宾语意义的句子成分。名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词和短语等都可以用来作宾语补足语。
1.用名词或形容词作宾语补足语是比较常见的
例如:Will you please find me a good dictionary?(给我找本好字典,好不好?)(名词短语作宾语补足语)
They are going to nominate him a member in the standing committee. (他们将提名他为常务委员会成员)(名词短语作宾语补足语)
The Party has made him a brilliant student.
(党把他培养成一个优秀学生)(名词短语作宾语补足语)
At 2 o’clock in the afternoon, he declared the meeting open.
(下午两点,他宣布会议开始) (形容词作宾语补足语)
Since the weather is cold, we must keep room warmth!
由于天气冷,我们一定要保持室内温暖) (形容词作宾语补足语)
2.用不定式作宾语补足语也比较常见,但有的不定式带to,有的不带to,这要看前面的动词: (在一般性的动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式要带to)
例如:The teacher ask his students to do there homework in good earnest.(教师要求他的学生们认真完成家庭作业)
Yesterday, he taught his students (how) to swim fast.(昨天,他教学生怎么游得快)
(但在let, make, see, hear, watch, have等及物动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式要省略to,在help动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.) 例如:We must make everyone understand the truth.(我们必须使每个人都懂得这真理)
We heard them speak English last night.(昨天晚上,我们听见他们说英语)
Shall we help him (to) repair the machine?(我们帮他修机器好吗?)
3.用分词作宾语补足语是宾语补足语中比较有趣的一部分,值得探讨
(1)用现在分词作宾语补足语:
The moment he entered the room, he found herm listening to the teacher attentively.(他一进教室就发现他们在聚精会神地听老师讲课)这句中的宾语补足语listening表示正在听讲的动作。
You could hear someone whispering in the classroom.(你能听见有人在教室里低声细语)这句中的宾语补足语whispering表示正在低声细语的动作。
Just now I saw a student, climbing onto a tractor.(刚才,我看见一个学生正在往拖拉机上爬)这句中的宾语补足语climbing表示正在爬的动作。如果我们换一个宾语补足语,用不带to的不定式climb来代替,这个climb是表示动作的全过程,意为爬上了拖拉机。
Just now I saw a student climb onto a tractor.(刚才,我看见一个学生爬上了拖拉机)
(2)用过去分词作宾语补足语:
They are going to get the paper printed.(他们将把论文付印)
I am going to have a picture taken.(我打算去拍一张照)
He is going to have his clothes washed.(他将去把衣服洗了)这句中的have his clothes washed一般指让别人给洗衣服.
4.用介词短语作宾语补足语是补足语中很重要的部分,但很容易被忽视,应该引起我们的注意
Can you recognize this new student among a crowd?(你能在一群人中认出这个新学生来吗?)
PLA will recruit new soldiers into the army.(解放军将招募新兵入伍)
We all praise him as a model worker.(我们都赞扬他为模范工作者)
We regard them as the most promising scholars.(我们认为他们是最有希望的学者)
Don’t treat them as outsiders.(不要把他们当局外人来对待)
After a few hours’ walk, they found themselves in a forest.(步行了几小时之后,他们发现自己已经进入了一个森林)
上面第一句的宾语补足语among a crowd是给主动词recognize的一个辨认范围,使句子的语义非常确切。第二句中的宾语补足语into the army也使宾语new soldiers的去向更清楚。第三句的宾语补足语as a model worker是进一步说明主动词praise在赞扬什么。在第四、第五、第六句中,如果没有这些介词短语as the most promising scholars, as outsiders和in a forest作宾语补足语,那么这些句子的结构就很不完整,含义就根本不清楚,例如在最后一句中(After a few hours’ walk, they found themselves in a forest), in a forest这个介词短语是作宾语themselves的补足语,说明他们在什么地方。如果我们去掉这个宾语补足语,这句子就不成句子了,含义也就根本不清楚了。由此可见,宾语补足语是句子的重要部分,它使句子结构完整,含义清楚。
三、形容词补足语
除了主语补足语和宾语补足语以外,我们在英语中也经常看到形容词补足语。形容词补足语是英语中数量很大的语言现象,值得我们研究。
首先,介词短语作形容词补足语:形容词在句子中经常和大量的各式各样的介词短语连用来表达丰富的句子含义。同样一个形容词,如果后面跟的介词不一样,也就是后面跟的补足语不一样,语义完全不一样。
我们拿形容词good作例。Good at是“擅长于”之意,而good for是“有益于”、“有利于”、“有效”或“价值多少”之意。
He good at mathematics.(他擅长于数学)
It’s good for health to do morning exercises. (做早操有益于健康)
The secondhand bike is good for 80 yuan.(这辆旧车值八十元钱) 我们再拿形容词pleased作例。pleased at是“因···而高兴”之意,而pleased with是“对···满意或喜爱”之意。
We are much pleased at the news.(我们听了这消息非常高兴)
We are very pleased with their work.(我们对他的工作非常满意)
I was much pleased with the film.(我很喜欢这个电影)
因此,我们要密切注意形容词和介词的搭配问题,尤其是常用形容词和介词的搭配问题。这就是说,一定的形容词要和合适的介词短语(即合适的补足语)相结合,语义才能确切、生动。这里所指的介词当然是about, at, from, of, on, upon, to, 和with.
其次,不定式短语作形容词的补足语,例如:
He is very glad to attend your meeting.(他出席了你的会议很高兴)
I am very sorry to waste you so much time.(我很抱歉,浪费了你这么多时间)
John is foolish to overestimate such a fool.(约翰很愚蠢,他过高估计了这样一个傻瓜)
I was surprised to see him changed so much.(看到他变得这么多,我很惊奇)
He was lucky to catch the last bus.(他很幸运,赶上了最后一班车)
上面这些句子中的形容词glad, sorry, foolish, surprised, lucky都是有情感色彩,紧跟其后的不定式短语作形容词补足语,说明原因。这些句子的主语也是不定式短语的主语。
但在有些句子中,紧跟在形容词后面不定式短语(作形容词补足语)是表示方面,例如:
He was reluctant to follow other’s advice.(他不愿意听从别人的劝告)
He was always ready to help others.(他愿意帮助别人)
The boy is apt to learn.(这男孩善于学习)
Jack is slow to understand my questions.(杰克理解我的问题很慢)
The sentence is difficult to understand.(这句子难懂)
第三、that从句作形容词补足语:
在certain, sure, confident等表示信心或肯定语气的形容词后,that从句一般是用陈述式句子,如:
I am certain that these students will make great progress in their studies.(我确信,这些学生会在他们学习中取得进步)
I am sure that he will pass the entrance examination.(我肯定,他将通过入学考试)
They are fully confident that they will achieve brilliant successes in their work.(他们完全相信,他们将在工作中取得辉煌的成就)
但在afraid, angry, glade, surprised, annoyed, worried, proud, delighted, satisfied等表示感情的形容词(或分词)后面,that从句(即形容词补足语)一般是用来修饰前面的形容词,表示原因。
He was angry that others had misunderstood him.(别人误解了他,他为此很生气)
He was a bit worried that comrades did not pay enough attention to safety. (同志们不够注意安全,他有点担心)
We are proud that our country has become a powerful and prosperous socialist country. (我们国家已变成一个强大、繁荣的社会主义国家,我们感到骄傲)
They are all delighted that they have fulfilled their tasks 3 days ahead of time.(他们已提前三天完成任务,他们都感到高兴)
第四、—ing分词短语作形容词补足语:
—ing分词短语可以用在形容词worth, busy之后作形容词补足语,修饰形容词,使句子的含义更完整,如:
His argument is not worth discussing.(他的论点不值一驳)
The problem is worth discussing.(这问题值得讨论)
They are now busy reviewing their lessons.(他们现在正忙着复习功课)
He has been busy writing something.(他一直在忙着写些什么)
These stamps are worth collecting.(这些邮票值得收集)
以上文章的最后部分(形容词补足语)主要分析了数量很大的形容词补足语的具体细节。然后,总体文章分析的是主语补足语、宾语补足语和形容词补足语在英语句子中的位置及所起的作用。更值得我们注意的是,形容词、不定式、分词和介词短语用处很大,不但可以作主语补足语,还可以作宾语补足语。此外,介词短语、不定式短语和从句又可以组成形容词补足语,使补足语的内容更加丰富和生动。这样较为详尽的分析使我们对各类词语在句子中的作用有了新的认识,要求我们在英语阅读中更细心地去注意它们,注意它们在结构上的特点及含义上的细微区别,以使我们更确切地理解句子的内在含义。在写作上,我们也要根据它们的具体含义和用法来应用它们,使我们的书写英语更加生动、活泼。