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19世纪时,科学被视为就是进步。这种乐观主义已经让位给了各种各样的精英人物对科学的普遍不信任。但这并未再生出科学与人文学科之间传统的对立。相反,它反映了科学文化本身内在的冲突。从实证主义的角度看,知识具有确定性。即使是在民主国家,现代科学的破坏力和科学实践自身认识论的改变促进了科学与社会之关系的一种不同和有价值的观念的产生。这种观念使政策建议和对新的调查领域的评估具有一定的尝试性。在一个民主国家,将科学知识视为具有道德的不确定性的观点既在哲学的角度上立足不稳,在实际应用中又是不可或缺的。
In the nineteenth century, science was seen as progressive. This optimism has given way to widespread mistrust of science by a variety of elites. But this did not reproduce the traditional antinomy between science and humanities. Instead, it reflects the inherent conflict in science and culture. From a positivist perspective, knowledge is deterministic. Even in democracies, the disruption of modern science and the changing epistemology of scientific practice promote the emergence of a different and valuable concept of the relationship between science and society. This notion makes policy recommendations and assessments of new areas of inquiry somewhat experimental. In a democratic country, treating scientific knowledge as a moral uncertainty is both philosophical and fundamental. It is indispensable in practice.