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指称理论历来受到语言学家和哲学家的重视,对帮助我们理解许多语言现象具有重要意义。弗雷格作为传统指称论的代表,认为专名既有内涵又有外延,涵义决定指称。对此,罗素在认可弗雷格专名理论贡献的基础上,认为其专名理论无法解释空指称,所以罗素提出了著名的摹状词理论,严格区分了专名和摹状词,并对意义和指称之间的关系进行的研究,认为指称决定意义,意义即所指。罗素的摹状词理论受到诸多学者的广泛支持,但随着理论的深入研究,反对的意见也增长起来,斯特劳森就是其中之一。斯特劳森批判、继承并发展了罗素的指称理论,尤其是关于摹状词指称的观点。他区别了意义与指称以及语词本身与语词的使用,认为无论摹状词还是逻辑专名都应该在语境中赋予指称的确定性。
The theory of allegation has always been valued by linguists and philosophers, which is of great importance for helping us to understand many linguistic phenomena. As a representative of the traditional theory of allegation, Frege holds that the proper name has both connotation and denotation, and the definition of meaning decides the allegation. In this regard, Russell, based on the recognition of the contribution of Frege’s famous theory, holds that his theory of proper names can not explain the nullification. Therefore, Russell proposed the famous theory of descriptions and strictly distinguishes the proper names and the descriptions, And the alleged relationship between the research, that the allegiance determines the meaning of the meaning that refers to. Russell’s theory of descriptions is widely supported by many scholars, but with the further study of theory and the rise of objections, Strawson is one of them. Strawson criticized, inherited and developed Russell’s theory of allegations, especially on the allegations of descriptions. He distinguished between the meaning and the allegation and the use of the word itself and the word, believing that both the descriptive word and the logical proper name should give the certainty of the allegation in context.