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Between October 29 and November 1, nearly 200 foreign cadets from the University of National Defense, Nanjing Army Command College and the Air Force Command College, as well as about a dozen military observers and military attachés from eight countries watched the “Vanguard 2011 Queshan” military exercise held in Henan Province. Since the turn of the century China has held annual military drills open to foreign military officers studying in China as well as foreign observers.
China is committed to increasing its military transparency by conducting more joint military exercises with other countries and opening up its own drills to the outside world.
Army led process
In 2000, the People’s Liberation Army(PLA) opened some of its training bases to foreign observers. In November 2000, at the invitation of the Ministry of National Defense, military officers from the United States watched an attack drill conducted by a motorized infantry brigade from the PLA Nanjing Military Area Command. Between 2003 and 2005, foreign observers from over 20 countries were invited to watch the PLA military drills.
Every year since 2007, the PLA has conducted at least one drill open to foreign military observers, military attachés and foreign military officers studying in China.
In September 2007, at the invitation of the Ministry of National Defense, 55 military observers from a record 35 countries watched “Warrior 2007,” a live fire exercise conducted by Shenyang Military Area Command in Yaonan Training Base in northeast China.
“Military exercises open to foreign observers are becoming more frequent, larger in scale and more transparent. This indicates that China’s military forces have become more open and confident,” said Peng Guangqian, a military strategist with the China Association of Policy Science.
In October 2008, more than 170 foreign cadets from over 60 countries training at the University of National Defense and Nanjing Army Command College observed the whole process of “Vanguard 2008,” a live ammunition drill conducted by an armored brigade of the PLA Jinan Military Area Command. Many of these cadets were senior officers in their countries. This was the first large-scale PLA exercise open to foreign cadets.
In October 2009, “Vanguard 2009A”strike exercise was staged at the Queshan Training Base of the PLA Jinan Military Area Command. The exercise involved the air force, airborne forces, army aviation units, electronic warfare and tactical missiles. This was the PLA’s first air-andground joint strike exercise involving the coordination of a large number or air and ground forces. More than 200 foreign cadets studying in China and foreign military observers watched the maneuver.
Two open marine exercises
In September 2004, “Jiaolong 2004,” an amphibious landing exercise conducted by a marine brigade, was held in Shanwei of south China’s Guangdong Province. International military observers and more than 50 participants of a seminar on international issues
organized by the University of National Defense viewed the annual exercise.
In November 2010, another marine amphibious landing exercise “Jiaolong 2010” was held in the South China Sea. Armed helicopters, minesweepers, submarine chasers, landing craft, amphibious armored vehicles, assault boats and some 1,800 marines participated in this war game. More than 200 foreign cadets, from 75 countries, studying at the University of National Defense, Naval Command College and Air Force Command College, viewed this drill and exchanged opinions on the organization and command of the amphibious battle with the exercise’s directors and officers from the command post. Foreign military officers were also invited to have a closer look at the weapons used in the drill, including China’s latest amphibious armored vehicles.
Joint exercises with other countries
China’s military forces started to participate in bilateral and multilateral joint exercises in 2002. “It has been proved that joint military drills provide an effective way for forces of different countries to enhance security, mutual trust and to learn from each other,” Peng said.
Over the past decade, China has held more than 20 military drills with over 20 countries, including the United States, Russia, France, Britain, Japan and India. These exercises, covering themes from antiterror operations to maritime search and rescue and medical aid, have enhanced the participating countries’ capacity to tackle non-traditional security threats.
The most eye-catching military maneuvers involving Chinese forces are the large-scale “Peace Mission” exercises between China and Russia, which since the first drill in 2005 have developed into a series of biennial drills.
The main purpose of the “Peace Mission” drills is to deter terrorism, ethnic separatism, religious extremism and create a favorable strategic security environment for China. The drills have significantly improved regional peace and stability, enhanced strategic relations between China and Russia and raised the combat and coordination capacities of both militaries.
The series, held alternately in China and Russia, focuses on the preparation and fighting of joint antiterror wars. On each occasion approximately 2,000 military personnel, 1,000 from China and 1,000 from Russia, have taken part in the fourstage drill.
In March 2010, Pakistan’s navy launched a multinational exercise “Aman 09” in its southern port city of Karachi. The Chinese navy missile destroyer Guangzhou participated in the event and attracted a great deal of media attention. The Chinese navy set six records by participating in this war game: the first time a Chinese warship carried shipborne helicopters overseas for a military exercise; the first time the Chinese navy conducted joint search and rescue missions with the ships and aircraft of other countries; the first time the Chinese navy conducted a joint inspection and arrest exercise by cooperating with foreign navy ships; the first time a Chinese warship allowed the ship-borne helicopters of foreign warships to land on its deck; the first time the latest Chinese navy missile destroyer used its weapons in a foreign country; the first time Chinese naval special force units participated in combat drills with their foreign
counterparts in an exercise.
Military analysts believe that conducting joint military exercises is an important measure that will allow the PLA to increase its transparency and ability to deal with the world’s new strategic environment. Joint military maneuvers have helped the PLA to exchange opinions on strategic concepts with foreign forces. By participating in joint drills, Chinese military personnel have communicated with their foreign counterparts, which helps them build mutual understanding and trust. Chinese military personnel also learn from the experience of their foreign counterparts, which is conducive to boosting the PLA’s technical and tactical levels and helps propel its modernization drive.
Joint trainings
Besides carrying out joint war games, the PLA has also been holding more and more training exercises with foreign troops. Between 2007 and 2009, the PLA participated in five joint trainings with troops from Thailand, India, Singapore and Mongolia.
In 2010 alone, Chinese military forces took part in five joint trainings with their counterparts from Pakistan, Thailand, Turkey and Romania and three of these training were held in China.
“Friendship 2010” China-Pakistan antiterrorism joint training was launched on July 9, 2010 in China’s Yinchuan City. A total of 226 troops from the two countries’ special forces participated in the drills, which involved fighter-bombers, freighters, transport helicopters and armed helicopters. The training included six themes, namely long-distance delivery, reconnaissance and surveillance, blockage, precision strikes, hostage rescue and search for terrorists. The exercise adopted a new mixed grouping model, which allowed the two countries’ special forces to better learn from each other.
On October 8, 2010, a joint ThaiChinese marine antiterror training exercise codenamed “Strike 2010” was launched in Guilin of southwest China’s Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Sixty Chinese marines and 60 Thai marines participated in the drill. This was the first time the marines of the PLA navy participated in joint training with foreign troops.
Zheng Qin, deputy commander of the PLA’s Guangzhou Military Area Command, who observed the exercise, told the media that antiterror operations in cities are particularly difficult and require frequent training for special forces since terrorists are often concealed among ordinary residents. He said that Thai special forces had more field experience and more international training opportunities which made them ideal for Chinese troops to learn from.
Also on October 8, 2010, an assault unit of the PLA kicked off its weeklong joint training with a Turkish army contingent, the first training of its kind between forces from the two countries.
In November 2010, a team from the PLA air force went to Turkey to participate in a joint exercise, which, according to The Washington Post, was the first such drill involving China and a North Atlantic Treaty Organization member country.
Between November 5 and 13, 2010, the Chinese and Romanian armies conducted a joint training codenamed“Friendship Action 2010” in Kunming of southwest China’s Yunnan Province. The exercise, which focused on mountain infantry tactics and skills training, was the PLA’s first joint exercise with forces from a European country held in China.
Military analysts believe that inviting foreign troops to train in China is a clear sign of the PLA’s increasing self-confidence. They believed that the increase in the number of joint trainings with China’s neighbors also sheds light on the development of China’s security diplomacy.
An all-around opening up
As an exercise open to foreign officers,“Vanguard 2011 Queshan” set a record in terms of the number of military branches involved. A total of 12 branches from the PLA army and air force participated in the exercise, including airborne forces, mechanized infantry, artillery forces and army
aviation forces. Weapons used by the army included tanks, infantry fighting vehicles and self-propelled howitzers while the air force used ground attack aircraft, fighters, transport aircraft, attack helicopters and transport helicopters.
During previous military exercises, foreign officers were only allowed to watch the final combat phase of the drills. However, during “Vanguard 2011 Queshan,” foreign cadets and military attachés were divided into small groups and were able to watch the war games more closely from vehicles. Before the drill started, exercise directors briefed foreign officers on the exercise’s contents and goals, the composition of the directors, troops participating in the exercise and the general conditions of the exercise. During the exercise, foreign officers were divided into two groups. One group watched the drills of an airborne regiment and the other watched the performance of an armored brigade. Both groups watched the final live fire attack drill conducted by airborne forces and the mechanized infantry.
The airborne regiment and the armored brigade also cooperated to accomplish two tactical operations: seizing an airport and an important position on a mountain.
The “Vanguard 2011 Queshan” drill marked the first time China’s airborne forces sent an entire regiment to participate in a joint exercise with the army. Wang Yongchen, a major general of the PLA’s airborne forces, said that this exercise will prompt the airborne forces to refine its vertical strike tactics and explore new combat tactics.
A total of over 1,700 military personnel and 20 aircraft of seven different types participated in the drill. The airborne forces’ complex parachuting skills, the use of missile operators, unmanned aircraft, battlefield television, satellite communication and missile site radar were the focuses of the exercise.
After the drill was concluded, foreign officers viewing the drill were invited to a seminar to exchange opinions with Chinese officers on how to choose targets and launch air-and-ground joint strikes. Other questions raised by the observers were how to conduct sudden aerial attacks, airborne combat and how to coordinate aerial and ground fire as well as logistics support. Foreign officers were also invited to visit the barracks of an artillery brigade under the PLA Jinan Military Area Command.
China is committed to increasing its military transparency by conducting more joint military exercises with other countries and opening up its own drills to the outside world.
Army led process
In 2000, the People’s Liberation Army(PLA) opened some of its training bases to foreign observers. In November 2000, at the invitation of the Ministry of National Defense, military officers from the United States watched an attack drill conducted by a motorized infantry brigade from the PLA Nanjing Military Area Command. Between 2003 and 2005, foreign observers from over 20 countries were invited to watch the PLA military drills.
Every year since 2007, the PLA has conducted at least one drill open to foreign military observers, military attachés and foreign military officers studying in China.
In September 2007, at the invitation of the Ministry of National Defense, 55 military observers from a record 35 countries watched “Warrior 2007,” a live fire exercise conducted by Shenyang Military Area Command in Yaonan Training Base in northeast China.
“Military exercises open to foreign observers are becoming more frequent, larger in scale and more transparent. This indicates that China’s military forces have become more open and confident,” said Peng Guangqian, a military strategist with the China Association of Policy Science.
In October 2008, more than 170 foreign cadets from over 60 countries training at the University of National Defense and Nanjing Army Command College observed the whole process of “Vanguard 2008,” a live ammunition drill conducted by an armored brigade of the PLA Jinan Military Area Command. Many of these cadets were senior officers in their countries. This was the first large-scale PLA exercise open to foreign cadets.
In October 2009, “Vanguard 2009A”strike exercise was staged at the Queshan Training Base of the PLA Jinan Military Area Command. The exercise involved the air force, airborne forces, army aviation units, electronic warfare and tactical missiles. This was the PLA’s first air-andground joint strike exercise involving the coordination of a large number or air and ground forces. More than 200 foreign cadets studying in China and foreign military observers watched the maneuver.
Two open marine exercises
In September 2004, “Jiaolong 2004,” an amphibious landing exercise conducted by a marine brigade, was held in Shanwei of south China’s Guangdong Province. International military observers and more than 50 participants of a seminar on international issues
organized by the University of National Defense viewed the annual exercise.
In November 2010, another marine amphibious landing exercise “Jiaolong 2010” was held in the South China Sea. Armed helicopters, minesweepers, submarine chasers, landing craft, amphibious armored vehicles, assault boats and some 1,800 marines participated in this war game. More than 200 foreign cadets, from 75 countries, studying at the University of National Defense, Naval Command College and Air Force Command College, viewed this drill and exchanged opinions on the organization and command of the amphibious battle with the exercise’s directors and officers from the command post. Foreign military officers were also invited to have a closer look at the weapons used in the drill, including China’s latest amphibious armored vehicles.
Joint exercises with other countries
China’s military forces started to participate in bilateral and multilateral joint exercises in 2002. “It has been proved that joint military drills provide an effective way for forces of different countries to enhance security, mutual trust and to learn from each other,” Peng said.
Over the past decade, China has held more than 20 military drills with over 20 countries, including the United States, Russia, France, Britain, Japan and India. These exercises, covering themes from antiterror operations to maritime search and rescue and medical aid, have enhanced the participating countries’ capacity to tackle non-traditional security threats.
The most eye-catching military maneuvers involving Chinese forces are the large-scale “Peace Mission” exercises between China and Russia, which since the first drill in 2005 have developed into a series of biennial drills.
The main purpose of the “Peace Mission” drills is to deter terrorism, ethnic separatism, religious extremism and create a favorable strategic security environment for China. The drills have significantly improved regional peace and stability, enhanced strategic relations between China and Russia and raised the combat and coordination capacities of both militaries.
The series, held alternately in China and Russia, focuses on the preparation and fighting of joint antiterror wars. On each occasion approximately 2,000 military personnel, 1,000 from China and 1,000 from Russia, have taken part in the fourstage drill.
In March 2010, Pakistan’s navy launched a multinational exercise “Aman 09” in its southern port city of Karachi. The Chinese navy missile destroyer Guangzhou participated in the event and attracted a great deal of media attention. The Chinese navy set six records by participating in this war game: the first time a Chinese warship carried shipborne helicopters overseas for a military exercise; the first time the Chinese navy conducted joint search and rescue missions with the ships and aircraft of other countries; the first time the Chinese navy conducted a joint inspection and arrest exercise by cooperating with foreign navy ships; the first time a Chinese warship allowed the ship-borne helicopters of foreign warships to land on its deck; the first time the latest Chinese navy missile destroyer used its weapons in a foreign country; the first time Chinese naval special force units participated in combat drills with their foreign
counterparts in an exercise.
Military analysts believe that conducting joint military exercises is an important measure that will allow the PLA to increase its transparency and ability to deal with the world’s new strategic environment. Joint military maneuvers have helped the PLA to exchange opinions on strategic concepts with foreign forces. By participating in joint drills, Chinese military personnel have communicated with their foreign counterparts, which helps them build mutual understanding and trust. Chinese military personnel also learn from the experience of their foreign counterparts, which is conducive to boosting the PLA’s technical and tactical levels and helps propel its modernization drive.
Joint trainings
Besides carrying out joint war games, the PLA has also been holding more and more training exercises with foreign troops. Between 2007 and 2009, the PLA participated in five joint trainings with troops from Thailand, India, Singapore and Mongolia.
In 2010 alone, Chinese military forces took part in five joint trainings with their counterparts from Pakistan, Thailand, Turkey and Romania and three of these training were held in China.
“Friendship 2010” China-Pakistan antiterrorism joint training was launched on July 9, 2010 in China’s Yinchuan City. A total of 226 troops from the two countries’ special forces participated in the drills, which involved fighter-bombers, freighters, transport helicopters and armed helicopters. The training included six themes, namely long-distance delivery, reconnaissance and surveillance, blockage, precision strikes, hostage rescue and search for terrorists. The exercise adopted a new mixed grouping model, which allowed the two countries’ special forces to better learn from each other.
On October 8, 2010, a joint ThaiChinese marine antiterror training exercise codenamed “Strike 2010” was launched in Guilin of southwest China’s Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Sixty Chinese marines and 60 Thai marines participated in the drill. This was the first time the marines of the PLA navy participated in joint training with foreign troops.
Zheng Qin, deputy commander of the PLA’s Guangzhou Military Area Command, who observed the exercise, told the media that antiterror operations in cities are particularly difficult and require frequent training for special forces since terrorists are often concealed among ordinary residents. He said that Thai special forces had more field experience and more international training opportunities which made them ideal for Chinese troops to learn from.
Also on October 8, 2010, an assault unit of the PLA kicked off its weeklong joint training with a Turkish army contingent, the first training of its kind between forces from the two countries.
In November 2010, a team from the PLA air force went to Turkey to participate in a joint exercise, which, according to The Washington Post, was the first such drill involving China and a North Atlantic Treaty Organization member country.
Between November 5 and 13, 2010, the Chinese and Romanian armies conducted a joint training codenamed“Friendship Action 2010” in Kunming of southwest China’s Yunnan Province. The exercise, which focused on mountain infantry tactics and skills training, was the PLA’s first joint exercise with forces from a European country held in China.
Military analysts believe that inviting foreign troops to train in China is a clear sign of the PLA’s increasing self-confidence. They believed that the increase in the number of joint trainings with China’s neighbors also sheds light on the development of China’s security diplomacy.
An all-around opening up
As an exercise open to foreign officers,“Vanguard 2011 Queshan” set a record in terms of the number of military branches involved. A total of 12 branches from the PLA army and air force participated in the exercise, including airborne forces, mechanized infantry, artillery forces and army
aviation forces. Weapons used by the army included tanks, infantry fighting vehicles and self-propelled howitzers while the air force used ground attack aircraft, fighters, transport aircraft, attack helicopters and transport helicopters.
During previous military exercises, foreign officers were only allowed to watch the final combat phase of the drills. However, during “Vanguard 2011 Queshan,” foreign cadets and military attachés were divided into small groups and were able to watch the war games more closely from vehicles. Before the drill started, exercise directors briefed foreign officers on the exercise’s contents and goals, the composition of the directors, troops participating in the exercise and the general conditions of the exercise. During the exercise, foreign officers were divided into two groups. One group watched the drills of an airborne regiment and the other watched the performance of an armored brigade. Both groups watched the final live fire attack drill conducted by airborne forces and the mechanized infantry.
The airborne regiment and the armored brigade also cooperated to accomplish two tactical operations: seizing an airport and an important position on a mountain.
The “Vanguard 2011 Queshan” drill marked the first time China’s airborne forces sent an entire regiment to participate in a joint exercise with the army. Wang Yongchen, a major general of the PLA’s airborne forces, said that this exercise will prompt the airborne forces to refine its vertical strike tactics and explore new combat tactics.
A total of over 1,700 military personnel and 20 aircraft of seven different types participated in the drill. The airborne forces’ complex parachuting skills, the use of missile operators, unmanned aircraft, battlefield television, satellite communication and missile site radar were the focuses of the exercise.
After the drill was concluded, foreign officers viewing the drill were invited to a seminar to exchange opinions with Chinese officers on how to choose targets and launch air-and-ground joint strikes. Other questions raised by the observers were how to conduct sudden aerial attacks, airborne combat and how to coordinate aerial and ground fire as well as logistics support. Foreign officers were also invited to visit the barracks of an artillery brigade under the PLA Jinan Military Area Command.