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As early as in 2000, a non-governmental organization called “Women’s World Summit Foundation” designated November 19th as “World against Child Abuse Day” every year to focus on child abuse and child overlook. Until 2010, over 400 organizations in 133 countries and regions have responded to it.
早在2000年时，非政府组织“妇女世界首脑会议基金会”就将每年的 11月19日确定为“世界防止虐待儿童日”，以关注儿童遭受虐待和忽视问题。截止2010年，已有400多个组织在133个国家和地区响应。
For child abuse, the definition in the United States Federal Law reads like this: In general, child abuse and overlook can be divided into four categories. The first is overlook, meaning being indifferent to their disease and hunger. The second is physical hurting. The third is sexual abuse. The fourth is mental abuse, like consistent abuse and excessive punishment. Minors’ protection is a systems engineering, relating to society, family, state and other multiple parties. Although there are cases of parents’ guardianship absence, countries in the world are trying to figure out ways to “maximize minors’ interests”.
In America, the state pays much attention to minors’ custody, and people’s failing to take care of children would lose guardianship. As early as in 1874, New York established the first association for preventing child abuse in United States. The United States Congress passed Child Abuse Prevention and Disposal Act in 1974 and Child Protection Act in 1984. At present, there are a series of legal documents protecting the legitimate rights and interests of minors in America, like Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act, Adoption and Safe Families Act and 2000 Child Abuse Prevention and Enforcement Act. One thing mentionable is that, there is a specific “compulsive report” system in Preventing Child Abuse Act that, anyone who contact with children, like neighbors, doctors, teachers, health care workers and others should inform related institutions as long as they think there are children suffering family abuse. Those fail to report will pay the fine or get short-term imprisonment. Besides, by explicit order America bans leaving children under the age of 8 alone at home or in a car. If outbreak of fire or accidental injuries happens in such kind of situation, parents may face prosecution or even be arrested.
America not only uses legal system to protect legitimate rights and interests of minors, but also sets up specialized agencies. Nowadays, there are various civil groups in America dealing with child abuse prevention, and almost every state has a “Child Protective Service”, managing child abuse affairs. In addition, there is a program called “Speak up Be Safe” in American schools, the purpose of which is to help minors safeguard their own rights; understand what child abuse is and how to seek for help. 美国联邦法律如此定义虐待儿童：一般而言，虐待和忽视儿童可分为四类。一是忽视，面对未成年人的疾病和饥饿问题不闻不问。二是身体伤害。三是性虐待。四是情感虐待，如持续辱骂、过度惩罚等。未成年人的保护问题是一项系统工程，涉及到社会、家庭、国家等多方连接体。虽然时常有父母监护缺位现象发生，但世界各国都在想方设法尽量做到“未成年人权益最大化”。
在美国，未成年人的监护权问题受到国家极大的重视，疏于照顾孩子会丧失监护权。早在1874年，纽约就成立了美国第一个防止虐童协会。1974年，美国国会通过了《防止和处置虐童法》。1984年，又通过了《儿童保护法案》。目前，美国有《儿童虐待预防与处理法》(CAPTA)、《收养资助和儿童福利法》(AACWA)、《收养和安全家庭法案》(ASFA)、《2000儿童虐待预防与执行法案》等法律文件保护未成年人合法权益。值得一提的是，美国《防止儿童遭受虐待法案》中有明确的“强制报告”制度，即与孩子接触的人员，如邻居、医生、教师、卫生保健人员等，只要怀疑儿童在家庭中可能遭受暴力就可以报告相关机构。对于知情不报者，会受到罚金或短期监禁。此外，美国明令禁止将8岁以下孩子单独留在家中或车内。如因将孩子单独留在家中或车内而发生火灾或者意外受伤，父母可能面临起诉甚至逮捕的可能。
美国不仅从法律制度上保护未成年合法权益，还设立了专门的儿童权益机构。如今，美国防止虐童的民间组织五花八门，几乎每个州都有一个“儿童保护服务处”，专门处理虐童事务。此外，美国在各个学校间推行“Speak Up Be Safe”项目，这个项目以教育为目的，主要帮助未成年人自我维权，让未成年人明白什么是虐童以及如何寻求帮助。
Like the United States, Germany also has rules to prohibit leaving children alone at home. Germany has more specific details in minors’ custody. In its laws and regulations, parents’ supervision should vary with each individual according to age, physical condition, personality, mental condition and other elements. Parents are not allowed to beat children nor lock them up; otherwise they would be fined or be sentenced. If their negligence of duty causes physical or mental harm to children, in some serious situation, they would be deprived of guardianship or even be punished by law. Moreover, there are some specialized regulations and rules in Germany to keep children safe, like when travelling by car, children should use safety chairs and fasten seat belts.
For negligent parents, Canadian law would impose heavy fines on them, or strip their guardianship or even ask them to replace their children to go to prison according to the order of severity. At present, Canadian Federal Government and all provincial governments have complete and detailed Law of protection Minors and each province has its own child protect act. In addition, there is specialized institution for minors’ protection in Canada, responsible for assessing and supervising parents’ behavior in performing their guardianship.
New Zealand has specific accusation to contain child abuse. In Article 195 of New Zealand Penal Code, “Those who abuse or allow others abuse children (has not reached the age of 16) under their custody, and bring about physical harms, psychiatric disorders and mental disturbance to children, would be sentenced to no more than five years in the prison.” Besides, its law also says: children under the age of 14 should not be alone but be taken cared by parents or guardians. Otherwise, it would be a violation of laws. Japan pays much attention to child protection. In 2004, in its Child Abuse Prevention Law, physical abuse, lack of care and mental abuse all belong to abuses. Citizens have the responsibility to report suspected child abuse to children consultant agencies, and the agencies would offer temporary protection to children. In Japanese Civil Law, when parents abuse their guardianship, the court can strip their custody depending on the situation. In addition, for Japan, a country with relatively complete guardian system, every administrative division has child protection centers to receive children abused by parents.
Australia tries its best to maximize children’s interests. The 1975 Family Law Act and Children and Adolescents Act have laid a safety net for minors. Australian laws have detailed rules for parents taking care of children, like children under the age of 12 should not be left alone at home, or parents would face serious legal consequences. It has rules of mandatory reporting obligations for teachers and doctors as well. When children are maltreated, people should inform related departments.
德国和美国一样，在未成年的监护方面更为细致，也有禁止将未成年人单独留在家中的规定。德国法律规定，父母对未成年的监管，要按照孩子的年龄、身体、性格和心智等因素来决定，做到因人而异。同时，父母不允许打孩子，也不得关孩子禁闭，违者将会被罚款或者判刑。若因父母失责，而造成孩子身体或心灵伤害的，情节严重的父母可能被剥夺监护权，甚至受到法律制裁。此外，为了保护未成年人的安全，德国还制定了一些规章制度保障未成年人的安全，如乘坐汽车，孩子必须使用安全椅，系安全带等。
对于失职父母，加拿大法律会依据其严重程度进行高额罚款，或剥夺监护资格甚至代子女坐牢等处罚。目前，加拿大联邦政府和各省政府制定出完整而详细的《未成年人保护法》。同时 ，各省也有自己的儿童保护法。此外，加拿大设立有专门的未成年人保护机构，以对父母监护未成年人的行为进行评估及监督。
新西兰为遏制虐童专门设立了特定罪名。《新西兰刑事法典》第195条规定:“虐待自己监护、照顾的未满十六周岁的未成年人或纵容自己监护、照顾的未满十六周岁的未成年人受虐待,致使被害人身体受到伤害,精神失常或精神障碍的,判处五年以下监禁。”另外，新西兰法律也有规定：14岁以下的儿童不能独处，必须有其父母和监护人的看护，否则就是违法。
日本对未成年人保护问题非常重视。2004年，日本实施的《虐待儿童防止法》规定，身体虐待、疏忽照顾、情感虐待等均属于虐待行为。且民众有义务向儿童咨询所通报儿童疑似受虐情况，必要时咨询所会为儿童提供临时保护。同时，日本民法规定，当父母滥用监护权时，法院可视情况，剥夺其抚养权。此外，对于监护制度较为完善的日本而言，日本每一个都、道、府、县都有儿童保护中心，专门收容被父母虐待的儿童。
澳大利亚全面贯彻儿童利益最大化。《1975年家庭法法案》和《儿童和青少年法案》的颁布实施，为澳大利亚的未成年人铺设了一张安全网络。澳大利亚法律对父母看管孩子有详细的规定，比如说不能将不满12岁的未成年人独自留在家中，否则将面临严重的法律后果。此外，澳大利亚也有规定，老师、医生有强制报告的义务。当孩子遭遇非正常对待时，必须向保护部门报告。
Law on the Protection of Minors and Law on the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency are two special laws for minors’ protection in China. China’s General Principles of the Civil Law for minor custody regulates: “If guardians do not perform their duty or violate legitimate rights and interests of children, other people or units with guardianship qualification could file a lawsuit in a People's Court. Trials of general procedure are for suits asking guardians to bear civil liability; trials of special procedure are for suits asking change guardianship; respective trials are for cases asking for both.” “From May, 2013, on the basis of current homeless juveniles relief and protect mechanism, Ministry of Civil Affairs has started the projects of minors’ social protection pilots in Jiangsu, Henan, Sichuan and other 20 provinces,” said Dou Yupei, Deputy Minister of Ministry of Civil Affairs. In 2014, China plans to make a minor guardianship intervention system in that parents would be deprived of their custody when breaching their duty, which improved the minor guardianship system.
《未成年人保护法》和《预防未成年人犯罪法》是目前中国未成年人保护方面的两部专门法律。中国《民法通则》对未成年人监护权做了规定:“监护人不履行监护职责，或者侵害了被监护人的合法权益，其他有监护资格的人或者单位向人民法院起诉，要求监护人承担民事责任的，按照普通程序审理；要求变更监护关系的，按照特别程序审理；既要求承担民事责任，又要求变更监护关系的，分别审理。”“从2013年5月起，民政部就以现行流浪未成年人救助保护机制为基础，在江苏、河南、四川等20个地区启动了未成年人社会保护试点工作。”中国民政部副部长窦玉沛表示。2014年，中国拟出台未成年人监护干预制度，父母失职将剥夺监护权，进一步完善了未成年监护制度。
早在2000年时，非政府组织“妇女世界首脑会议基金会”就将每年的 11月19日确定为“世界防止虐待儿童日”，以关注儿童遭受虐待和忽视问题。截止2010年，已有400多个组织在133个国家和地区响应。
For child abuse, the definition in the United States Federal Law reads like this: In general, child abuse and overlook can be divided into four categories. The first is overlook, meaning being indifferent to their disease and hunger. The second is physical hurting. The third is sexual abuse. The fourth is mental abuse, like consistent abuse and excessive punishment. Minors’ protection is a systems engineering, relating to society, family, state and other multiple parties. Although there are cases of parents’ guardianship absence, countries in the world are trying to figure out ways to “maximize minors’ interests”.
In America, the state pays much attention to minors’ custody, and people’s failing to take care of children would lose guardianship. As early as in 1874, New York established the first association for preventing child abuse in United States. The United States Congress passed Child Abuse Prevention and Disposal Act in 1974 and Child Protection Act in 1984. At present, there are a series of legal documents protecting the legitimate rights and interests of minors in America, like Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act, Adoption and Safe Families Act and 2000 Child Abuse Prevention and Enforcement Act. One thing mentionable is that, there is a specific “compulsive report” system in Preventing Child Abuse Act that, anyone who contact with children, like neighbors, doctors, teachers, health care workers and others should inform related institutions as long as they think there are children suffering family abuse. Those fail to report will pay the fine or get short-term imprisonment. Besides, by explicit order America bans leaving children under the age of 8 alone at home or in a car. If outbreak of fire or accidental injuries happens in such kind of situation, parents may face prosecution or even be arrested.
America not only uses legal system to protect legitimate rights and interests of minors, but also sets up specialized agencies. Nowadays, there are various civil groups in America dealing with child abuse prevention, and almost every state has a “Child Protective Service”, managing child abuse affairs. In addition, there is a program called “Speak up Be Safe” in American schools, the purpose of which is to help minors safeguard their own rights; understand what child abuse is and how to seek for help. 美国联邦法律如此定义虐待儿童：一般而言，虐待和忽视儿童可分为四类。一是忽视，面对未成年人的疾病和饥饿问题不闻不问。二是身体伤害。三是性虐待。四是情感虐待，如持续辱骂、过度惩罚等。未成年人的保护问题是一项系统工程，涉及到社会、家庭、国家等多方连接体。虽然时常有父母监护缺位现象发生，但世界各国都在想方设法尽量做到“未成年人权益最大化”。
在美国，未成年人的监护权问题受到国家极大的重视，疏于照顾孩子会丧失监护权。早在1874年，纽约就成立了美国第一个防止虐童协会。1974年，美国国会通过了《防止和处置虐童法》。1984年，又通过了《儿童保护法案》。目前，美国有《儿童虐待预防与处理法》(CAPTA)、《收养资助和儿童福利法》(AACWA)、《收养和安全家庭法案》(ASFA)、《2000儿童虐待预防与执行法案》等法律文件保护未成年人合法权益。值得一提的是，美国《防止儿童遭受虐待法案》中有明确的“强制报告”制度，即与孩子接触的人员，如邻居、医生、教师、卫生保健人员等，只要怀疑儿童在家庭中可能遭受暴力就可以报告相关机构。对于知情不报者，会受到罚金或短期监禁。此外，美国明令禁止将8岁以下孩子单独留在家中或车内。如因将孩子单独留在家中或车内而发生火灾或者意外受伤，父母可能面临起诉甚至逮捕的可能。
美国不仅从法律制度上保护未成年合法权益，还设立了专门的儿童权益机构。如今，美国防止虐童的民间组织五花八门，几乎每个州都有一个“儿童保护服务处”，专门处理虐童事务。此外，美国在各个学校间推行“Speak Up Be Safe”项目，这个项目以教育为目的，主要帮助未成年人自我维权，让未成年人明白什么是虐童以及如何寻求帮助。
Like the United States, Germany also has rules to prohibit leaving children alone at home. Germany has more specific details in minors’ custody. In its laws and regulations, parents’ supervision should vary with each individual according to age, physical condition, personality, mental condition and other elements. Parents are not allowed to beat children nor lock them up; otherwise they would be fined or be sentenced. If their negligence of duty causes physical or mental harm to children, in some serious situation, they would be deprived of guardianship or even be punished by law. Moreover, there are some specialized regulations and rules in Germany to keep children safe, like when travelling by car, children should use safety chairs and fasten seat belts.
For negligent parents, Canadian law would impose heavy fines on them, or strip their guardianship or even ask them to replace their children to go to prison according to the order of severity. At present, Canadian Federal Government and all provincial governments have complete and detailed Law of protection Minors and each province has its own child protect act. In addition, there is specialized institution for minors’ protection in Canada, responsible for assessing and supervising parents’ behavior in performing their guardianship.
New Zealand has specific accusation to contain child abuse. In Article 195 of New Zealand Penal Code, “Those who abuse or allow others abuse children (has not reached the age of 16) under their custody, and bring about physical harms, psychiatric disorders and mental disturbance to children, would be sentenced to no more than five years in the prison.” Besides, its law also says: children under the age of 14 should not be alone but be taken cared by parents or guardians. Otherwise, it would be a violation of laws. Japan pays much attention to child protection. In 2004, in its Child Abuse Prevention Law, physical abuse, lack of care and mental abuse all belong to abuses. Citizens have the responsibility to report suspected child abuse to children consultant agencies, and the agencies would offer temporary protection to children. In Japanese Civil Law, when parents abuse their guardianship, the court can strip their custody depending on the situation. In addition, for Japan, a country with relatively complete guardian system, every administrative division has child protection centers to receive children abused by parents.
Australia tries its best to maximize children’s interests. The 1975 Family Law Act and Children and Adolescents Act have laid a safety net for minors. Australian laws have detailed rules for parents taking care of children, like children under the age of 12 should not be left alone at home, or parents would face serious legal consequences. It has rules of mandatory reporting obligations for teachers and doctors as well. When children are maltreated, people should inform related departments.
德国和美国一样，在未成年的监护方面更为细致，也有禁止将未成年人单独留在家中的规定。德国法律规定，父母对未成年的监管，要按照孩子的年龄、身体、性格和心智等因素来决定，做到因人而异。同时，父母不允许打孩子，也不得关孩子禁闭，违者将会被罚款或者判刑。若因父母失责，而造成孩子身体或心灵伤害的，情节严重的父母可能被剥夺监护权，甚至受到法律制裁。此外，为了保护未成年人的安全，德国还制定了一些规章制度保障未成年人的安全，如乘坐汽车，孩子必须使用安全椅，系安全带等。
对于失职父母，加拿大法律会依据其严重程度进行高额罚款，或剥夺监护资格甚至代子女坐牢等处罚。目前，加拿大联邦政府和各省政府制定出完整而详细的《未成年人保护法》。同时 ，各省也有自己的儿童保护法。此外，加拿大设立有专门的未成年人保护机构，以对父母监护未成年人的行为进行评估及监督。
新西兰为遏制虐童专门设立了特定罪名。《新西兰刑事法典》第195条规定:“虐待自己监护、照顾的未满十六周岁的未成年人或纵容自己监护、照顾的未满十六周岁的未成年人受虐待,致使被害人身体受到伤害,精神失常或精神障碍的,判处五年以下监禁。”另外，新西兰法律也有规定：14岁以下的儿童不能独处，必须有其父母和监护人的看护，否则就是违法。
日本对未成年人保护问题非常重视。2004年，日本实施的《虐待儿童防止法》规定，身体虐待、疏忽照顾、情感虐待等均属于虐待行为。且民众有义务向儿童咨询所通报儿童疑似受虐情况，必要时咨询所会为儿童提供临时保护。同时，日本民法规定，当父母滥用监护权时，法院可视情况，剥夺其抚养权。此外，对于监护制度较为完善的日本而言，日本每一个都、道、府、县都有儿童保护中心，专门收容被父母虐待的儿童。
澳大利亚全面贯彻儿童利益最大化。《1975年家庭法法案》和《儿童和青少年法案》的颁布实施，为澳大利亚的未成年人铺设了一张安全网络。澳大利亚法律对父母看管孩子有详细的规定，比如说不能将不满12岁的未成年人独自留在家中，否则将面临严重的法律后果。此外，澳大利亚也有规定，老师、医生有强制报告的义务。当孩子遭遇非正常对待时，必须向保护部门报告。
Law on the Protection of Minors and Law on the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency are two special laws for minors’ protection in China. China’s General Principles of the Civil Law for minor custody regulates: “If guardians do not perform their duty or violate legitimate rights and interests of children, other people or units with guardianship qualification could file a lawsuit in a People's Court. Trials of general procedure are for suits asking guardians to bear civil liability; trials of special procedure are for suits asking change guardianship; respective trials are for cases asking for both.” “From May, 2013, on the basis of current homeless juveniles relief and protect mechanism, Ministry of Civil Affairs has started the projects of minors’ social protection pilots in Jiangsu, Henan, Sichuan and other 20 provinces,” said Dou Yupei, Deputy Minister of Ministry of Civil Affairs. In 2014, China plans to make a minor guardianship intervention system in that parents would be deprived of their custody when breaching their duty, which improved the minor guardianship system.
《未成年人保护法》和《预防未成年人犯罪法》是目前中国未成年人保护方面的两部专门法律。中国《民法通则》对未成年人监护权做了规定:“监护人不履行监护职责，或者侵害了被监护人的合法权益，其他有监护资格的人或者单位向人民法院起诉，要求监护人承担民事责任的，按照普通程序审理；要求变更监护关系的，按照特别程序审理；既要求承担民事责任，又要求变更监护关系的，分别审理。”“从2013年5月起，民政部就以现行流浪未成年人救助保护机制为基础，在江苏、河南、四川等20个地区启动了未成年人社会保护试点工作。”中国民政部副部长窦玉沛表示。2014年，中国拟出台未成年人监护干预制度，父母失职将剥夺监护权，进一步完善了未成年监护制度。