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炭黑由碳氢化合物在高温下(1400℃～1800℃)脱氢和重缩合反应形成。其层状类石墨微晶基本粒子结构中含95%～99%的碳,及少量氢、氧、硫、灰分等成分,各碳原子位于正六角形顶角上,形成六角形平面层,层面边缘有自由基、氢和含氧基团等功能团。其中,表面含氧基团依其结合或解离质子能力不同而呈现酸性、碱性和中性,如羧基、酚基、酸酐基、内酯基等酸性含氧基团,氧杂萘满基和吡喃酮基等碱性含氧基团,羰基、醌基和环状过氧基等中性含氧基团。这些官能团决定了炭黑的表面活性,是其进行化学改性的反应点,如自由基对化学吸附影响很大;表面氢比较活泼,容易发生取代反应等,利用炭黑表面性质对其进行改性研究已经成为炭黑应用中的热点课题。
Carbon black is formed by dehydrogenation and heavy condensation of hydrocarbons at high temperatures (1400 ° C to 1800 ° C). The basic structure of the layered graphite-like microcrystals contains 95% -99% carbon and a small amount of hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur and ash. Each carbon atom is located on the apex of a regular hexagonal shape, forming a hexagonal planar layer, There are free radicals, hydrogen and oxygen-containing groups and other functional groups. Among them, the surface of the oxygen-containing groups in accordance with their ability to bind or dissociate protons show acidic, basic and neutral, such as carboxyl, phenolic, anhydride, lactone and other acidic oxygen-containing groups, And pyrone groups, oxygen-containing groups such as carbonyl groups, quinone groups and cyclic peroxo groups. These functional groups determine the surface activity of carbon black, which is the chemical modification of the reaction points, such as free radicals on chemical adsorption has a great effect; surface hydrogen is more lively, prone to substitution reaction, the use of carbon black surface properties of its modified Sex research has become a hot issue in the use of carbon black.