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what是一个高考中的高频词汇,几乎年年会考,经过对近几年各地英语高考试卷的分析,发现对what的考查常考其最基本的用法,即作疑问代词用,表示“什么”,如:
{1} Choosing the right dictionary depends on ______ you want to use it for.(2007江苏)
A. what B. why C. how D. whether
{2} —Could you do me a favor?(2006北京)
—It depends on ______ it is.
A. which B. whichever C. what D. whatever
这两题几乎是一个模式,考查的都是what作为疑问代词,表示“什么”的意思,且都位于depend on后面作介词的宾语。第一句意思是“看你想拿它做什么用”,第二句意思是“这要看它是什么”。
除了考查这一本意外,what常考的用法还有下列几种:
1. 引导名词性从句
这也是what在高考中考得最多的一个用法,这种句子中的what其实相当于汉语中的兼语,即兼有双重身份,what相当于something + that,其中something作前面的某一成分,that充当引导词的同时也作后面的另一成分。在这种句子中,由what引导的名词性从句常可翻译成“所……的”,如:
{3} ______ matters most in learning English is enough practice.(2007全国Ⅱ)
A. What B. Why C. Which D. When
{4} ______ parents say and do has a life?鄄long effect on their children.(2007陕西)
A. That B. Which C. What D. As
以上两句中都考查了what引导主语从句的用法。例③中的what相当于The thing that,意思是“学英语中最为关键的事是……”,其他选项都不能表达这一含义。
例④中同样也是考查what引导的主语从句,what在此同样也相当于The thing that,意即“父母亲所说的和所做的对孩子们的一生都有影响”。其他词在含义或用法上都不能充当这一作用。
{5} The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make ______ it is.(2007天津)
A. what B. which C. how D. where
{6} You can only be sure of ______ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something ______ you might get in the future.(2007安徽)
A. that, which B. what, / C. which, that D. /, that
以上两句考查的都是what引导宾语从句的用法。从例⑤的句子结构中可看出,及物动词make后面缺宾语,而从句中is后面又缺表语,因此只有能充当“兼语”的what才能担任这一作用,what在此相当于the situation / scenery that,意即“使之成为了现在的景色”。因此答案选择A。
例⑥中,同样第一空前介词of后缺宾语,而空格后从句中及物动词have也少宾语,因此只有选择what可兼而有之,引导一个宾语从句,意即“确保目前所拥有的东西”,第二空因为空格前已有something了,故引导词只需要使用that,引导定语从句,因引导词在从句中作宾语,可以省略,因此答案为B。如果第二空前的something也省略,引导词同样需要使用what,这充分说明what相当于something + that。
{7} See the flags on top of the building? That was ______ we did this morning.(2006全国Ⅰ)
A. when B. which C. where D. what
该句考查的是表语从句,从句型结构可看出,was后少表语,而从句中及物动词did后也缺宾语,因此只有选择what才能以“兼语”身份来充当,意即“那就是我们早晨所干的事”。故答案为D。
注:因为what的特殊“兼语”身份,它只能引导主语、宾语和表语从句,不能引导名词性从句中的同位语从句,因为在同位语从句中,从句是一个完整的整体,不缺充当主语、宾语或表语的代词。
2. 引导感叹句,修饰名词
{8} I was surprised by her words, which made me recognize ______ silly questions I had made.(2005湖南)
A. what B. that C. how D. which
该句考查了感叹句,因为感叹句中的中心词是名词questions,修饰名词的词是what,how修饰形容词或者副词,故答案应为A。又如:
What a wonderful film it is! I have never seen a better film than this. 这是一部多么精彩的电影啊!我还从来没看过这么好的电影。
You have been away for a few years. You don’t know what great changes have taken place in our school these years. 你已经离开几年了,你不知道我们学校在这几年发生了多么大的变化。
感叹句中的中心词若是形容词或者副词应使用how修饰。如上面例一可改为:
How wonderful the film is!I have never seen a better film than this.
3. what = just as
意为“如同,就好像”,用作连词,引导比较状语从句。如:
{9} Engineers are to machines ______ hearts are to animals.(2006山东)
A. as B. that C. what D. which
这是what引导的一个特殊句型(见人教版高二英语教材上册p.21),此句中what的含义相当于just as,表示“如同,就好像”的意思。其固定句型是A is to B what C is to D,其中介词to表示两者的关系,该句型意为“A对B而言正如C对D一样”。这句意思是“引擎对机器就如同心脏对动物一样重要”,因此答案为C。又如:
Air is to us what water is to fish. 空气对于我们犹如水对于鱼。
注:该句型还有下列几种变化:
⑴ A is for B what C is for D.(介词for表示“供……使用”)
The book is for a student what canvas is for a painter. 学生离不了书本正如画家离不开画布一样。
⑵ what引导的从句也可置于句首,其句型是: What C is to D,that A is to B.(= A is to B what C is to D.)
在这一结构中,喻体在前,主体在后,相当于“just as...,so...”结构,含义一样。
What blood vessel is to a man’s body,that railway is to transportation.(=Just as blood vessel is to a man’s body,so railway is to transportation.)铁路对于运输,好比血管对于人体一样。
4. What do/ does sb think of/ about...?
这是英语口语中常见的一种句型,表示“认为……怎么样”,如:
{10} It is none of your business ______ other people think of you. Believe yourself.(2007福建)
A. how B. what C. which D. when
上句考查的是一个句型,句意是“别人怎么看待你不关你事”,表示评价某人时可用what do / does somebody think of / about...,因此根据结构,此处应选择what。当表示“某人怎样评价某人”时,一般有这样几种表达:
What do you think of / about...?
How do you like...?
What is...like?
How do you find...? 如:
—What is your new English teacher like?
—He is kind?鄄hearted and he is also a man of great learning. 他心地善良,而且还是一个博学多才的人。
5. what 用作复合关系代词,表示“……不再是……”
此时what既可指代人,又可指代物。如:
{11} Great changes have taken place in the school. It is no longer ______ it was 20 years ago, ______ it was so poorly equipped.(2005安徽)
A. what, when B. that, which
C. what, which D. which, that
此句第一空指的是“它不再是20年前的老样子了”,根据结构应选择what,相当于the school that,而第二空是考查非限制性定语从句,先行词是20 years ago,因引导词作时间状语,故使用when。答案为A。
这种句型中常以...be no longer what...was / were或used to be...的形式出现,what既可表示物,也可指人,又如:
She is no loner what we used to call “bluestocking” ten years ago. 她已不再是我们十年前所称为“女才子”的她了。
Our school is no longer what it was 15 years ago, when it always ranked the last in NMET in the whole district. 我们学校已不再是15年前那个在高考中总在地区中排名倒数第一的那所学校了。
6. 带what的习语
{12} —Andrew won’t like it, you know.(2006广东)
— ______ ? I don’t care what Andrew thinks.
A. So what B. So where C. So why D. So how
So what是一个习语,用来表示认为某事无关紧要,尤用于反驳他人的指责,含义为“那又怎样”。该句中正是表示对上面的说法不以为然,“那又怎么了?我才不管Andrew怎么想呢。”
{13} —Susan, will you please go and empty that drawer?(2005全国Ⅰ)
— ______ ?
A. What for B. What is it C. How is it D. How come
根据上下文的意思,可知Susan是对对方要求她把抽屉倒空不理解,因此问“做什么?”只有选择What for才符合句意,What for是一种常见说法,含义是“为何目的,为何理由”,又如:
—I need to see a doctor. 我要去看医生。
—What for? 为什么?
除了以上所考查的习语外,常见的what构成的习语还有:
⑴ What about...?(提出建议)……怎么样?如:
—What shall we do in the afternoon?
—What about going shopping?我们下午做什么?去买东西怎么样?
⑵ What if...?要是……会怎么样呢?如:
What if she forgets to bring it? 她要是忘记带来,会怎么样呢?
⑶ What of it?(承认某事属实,想知道为何重要)那又怎么样呢?那有什么关系呢?如:
Yes, I wrote the article. What of it?文章是我写的,那又怎么样呢?
⑷ what’s what什么事物有用(或重要等),如:
She certainly knows what’s what.她当然知道孰轻孰重。
编辑/梁宇清
{1} Choosing the right dictionary depends on ______ you want to use it for.(2007江苏)
A. what B. why C. how D. whether
{2} —Could you do me a favor?(2006北京)
—It depends on ______ it is.
A. which B. whichever C. what D. whatever
这两题几乎是一个模式,考查的都是what作为疑问代词,表示“什么”的意思,且都位于depend on后面作介词的宾语。第一句意思是“看你想拿它做什么用”,第二句意思是“这要看它是什么”。
除了考查这一本意外,what常考的用法还有下列几种:
1. 引导名词性从句
这也是what在高考中考得最多的一个用法,这种句子中的what其实相当于汉语中的兼语,即兼有双重身份,what相当于something + that,其中something作前面的某一成分,that充当引导词的同时也作后面的另一成分。在这种句子中,由what引导的名词性从句常可翻译成“所……的”,如:
{3} ______ matters most in learning English is enough practice.(2007全国Ⅱ)
A. What B. Why C. Which D. When
{4} ______ parents say and do has a life?鄄long effect on their children.(2007陕西)
A. That B. Which C. What D. As
以上两句中都考查了what引导主语从句的用法。例③中的what相当于The thing that,意思是“学英语中最为关键的事是……”,其他选项都不能表达这一含义。
例④中同样也是考查what引导的主语从句,what在此同样也相当于The thing that,意即“父母亲所说的和所做的对孩子们的一生都有影响”。其他词在含义或用法上都不能充当这一作用。
{5} The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make ______ it is.(2007天津)
A. what B. which C. how D. where
{6} You can only be sure of ______ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something ______ you might get in the future.(2007安徽)
A. that, which B. what, / C. which, that D. /, that
以上两句考查的都是what引导宾语从句的用法。从例⑤的句子结构中可看出,及物动词make后面缺宾语,而从句中is后面又缺表语,因此只有能充当“兼语”的what才能担任这一作用,what在此相当于the situation / scenery that,意即“使之成为了现在的景色”。因此答案选择A。
例⑥中,同样第一空前介词of后缺宾语,而空格后从句中及物动词have也少宾语,因此只有选择what可兼而有之,引导一个宾语从句,意即“确保目前所拥有的东西”,第二空因为空格前已有something了,故引导词只需要使用that,引导定语从句,因引导词在从句中作宾语,可以省略,因此答案为B。如果第二空前的something也省略,引导词同样需要使用what,这充分说明what相当于something + that。
{7} See the flags on top of the building? That was ______ we did this morning.(2006全国Ⅰ)
A. when B. which C. where D. what
该句考查的是表语从句,从句型结构可看出,was后少表语,而从句中及物动词did后也缺宾语,因此只有选择what才能以“兼语”身份来充当,意即“那就是我们早晨所干的事”。故答案为D。
注:因为what的特殊“兼语”身份,它只能引导主语、宾语和表语从句,不能引导名词性从句中的同位语从句,因为在同位语从句中,从句是一个完整的整体,不缺充当主语、宾语或表语的代词。
2. 引导感叹句,修饰名词
{8} I was surprised by her words, which made me recognize ______ silly questions I had made.(2005湖南)
A. what B. that C. how D. which
该句考查了感叹句,因为感叹句中的中心词是名词questions,修饰名词的词是what,how修饰形容词或者副词,故答案应为A。又如:
What a wonderful film it is! I have never seen a better film than this. 这是一部多么精彩的电影啊!我还从来没看过这么好的电影。
You have been away for a few years. You don’t know what great changes have taken place in our school these years. 你已经离开几年了,你不知道我们学校在这几年发生了多么大的变化。
感叹句中的中心词若是形容词或者副词应使用how修饰。如上面例一可改为:
How wonderful the film is!I have never seen a better film than this.
3. what = just as
意为“如同,就好像”,用作连词,引导比较状语从句。如:
{9} Engineers are to machines ______ hearts are to animals.(2006山东)
A. as B. that C. what D. which
这是what引导的一个特殊句型(见人教版高二英语教材上册p.21),此句中what的含义相当于just as,表示“如同,就好像”的意思。其固定句型是A is to B what C is to D,其中介词to表示两者的关系,该句型意为“A对B而言正如C对D一样”。这句意思是“引擎对机器就如同心脏对动物一样重要”,因此答案为C。又如:
Air is to us what water is to fish. 空气对于我们犹如水对于鱼。
注:该句型还有下列几种变化:
⑴ A is for B what C is for D.(介词for表示“供……使用”)
The book is for a student what canvas is for a painter. 学生离不了书本正如画家离不开画布一样。
⑵ what引导的从句也可置于句首,其句型是: What C is to D,that A is to B.(= A is to B what C is to D.)
在这一结构中,喻体在前,主体在后,相当于“just as...,so...”结构,含义一样。
What blood vessel is to a man’s body,that railway is to transportation.(=Just as blood vessel is to a man’s body,so railway is to transportation.)铁路对于运输,好比血管对于人体一样。
4. What do/ does sb think of/ about...?
这是英语口语中常见的一种句型,表示“认为……怎么样”,如:
{10} It is none of your business ______ other people think of you. Believe yourself.(2007福建)
A. how B. what C. which D. when
上句考查的是一个句型,句意是“别人怎么看待你不关你事”,表示评价某人时可用what do / does somebody think of / about...,因此根据结构,此处应选择what。当表示“某人怎样评价某人”时,一般有这样几种表达:
What do you think of / about...?
How do you like...?
What is...like?
How do you find...? 如:
—What is your new English teacher like?
—He is kind?鄄hearted and he is also a man of great learning. 他心地善良,而且还是一个博学多才的人。
5. what 用作复合关系代词,表示“……不再是……”
此时what既可指代人,又可指代物。如:
{11} Great changes have taken place in the school. It is no longer ______ it was 20 years ago, ______ it was so poorly equipped.(2005安徽)
A. what, when B. that, which
C. what, which D. which, that
此句第一空指的是“它不再是20年前的老样子了”,根据结构应选择what,相当于the school that,而第二空是考查非限制性定语从句,先行词是20 years ago,因引导词作时间状语,故使用when。答案为A。
这种句型中常以...be no longer what...was / were或used to be...的形式出现,what既可表示物,也可指人,又如:
She is no loner what we used to call “bluestocking” ten years ago. 她已不再是我们十年前所称为“女才子”的她了。
Our school is no longer what it was 15 years ago, when it always ranked the last in NMET in the whole district. 我们学校已不再是15年前那个在高考中总在地区中排名倒数第一的那所学校了。
6. 带what的习语
{12} —Andrew won’t like it, you know.(2006广东)
— ______ ? I don’t care what Andrew thinks.
A. So what B. So where C. So why D. So how
So what是一个习语,用来表示认为某事无关紧要,尤用于反驳他人的指责,含义为“那又怎样”。该句中正是表示对上面的说法不以为然,“那又怎么了?我才不管Andrew怎么想呢。”
{13} —Susan, will you please go and empty that drawer?(2005全国Ⅰ)
— ______ ?
A. What for B. What is it C. How is it D. How come
根据上下文的意思,可知Susan是对对方要求她把抽屉倒空不理解,因此问“做什么?”只有选择What for才符合句意,What for是一种常见说法,含义是“为何目的,为何理由”,又如:
—I need to see a doctor. 我要去看医生。
—What for? 为什么?
除了以上所考查的习语外,常见的what构成的习语还有:
⑴ What about...?(提出建议)……怎么样?如:
—What shall we do in the afternoon?
—What about going shopping?我们下午做什么?去买东西怎么样?
⑵ What if...?要是……会怎么样呢?如:
What if she forgets to bring it? 她要是忘记带来,会怎么样呢?
⑶ What of it?(承认某事属实,想知道为何重要)那又怎么样呢?那有什么关系呢?如:
Yes, I wrote the article. What of it?文章是我写的,那又怎么样呢?
⑷ what’s what什么事物有用(或重要等),如:
She certainly knows what’s what.她当然知道孰轻孰重。
编辑/梁宇清