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强调句型使用频率很高,高考一直很注重对其进行考查。在近年的高考中,随着综合语法知识考查力度的加大,在考查强调句型的同时也考查定语从句,把省略句、强调句与时间状语从句、名词性从句的考查等融合到一起,强调了学生综合把握知识的能力。对此,大家很是苦恼,复习中为了帮助同学们更好地掌握和运用这一句型,特将其秘诀揭示如下:牢记“一二三四五” 、“强调句型”勿需苦。
一、“一种结构”
强调句型的基本结构特征为:“It + be + 被强调成分 + that / who + 其他成分”,其中it, that / who无词汇意义,it为强调词,引出强调成分,that / who只起语法连接作用。如去掉it, be和that三者,剩下部分(有时要作一定语序调整)仍能组成一个句意通顺、完整的句子。
二、“两种Be和两个一致”
be的变化形式常只有二种:is, was;两个一致指主谓一致、主宾格的一致。
两种“Be”的选择要视原句的时态而定:如果原句中谓语动词使用的是现在范畴的时态(一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时 / 现在完成进行时、一般将来时、将来进行时、将来完成时等),则用It is ... that / who ...;如原句中谓语动词为过去范畴的时态(一般过去时、过去将来时、过去完成时、过去进行时等),则用It was ... that ... 例如:
It was in New Zealand that Elizabeth first met Mr. Smith. (08全国Ⅱ) 伊丽莎白第一次见到史密斯先生是在新西兰。
It is the ability to do the job that matters not where you come from or what you are. (2000全国)重要的是你的工作能力,而不是你的出身和职业。
温馨提示:有时be前可与表示推测的情态动词连用以构成复合结构,如:It might be / must have been / can’t be ...that ...等。例如:
It might have been John that bought a new book for Mary yesterday. 可能是约翰昨天给玛丽买了一本新书。
分析:该句中be用了情态动词的复合结构来表示对过去的推测,许多考生看不出be的复杂变化而误认为它不是强调句式。
2. 两个一致为主宾格的一致性及主谓一致性。在此结构中被强调成分作为主语的代词时,用主格,作宾语的代词则用宾格。如强调成分为主语,那么that / who后的谓语动词要和它保持人称和数的一致。对由rather than, not ... but, not only ... but also, as well as等连接的平行、对比结构,更需谨慎。例如:
It is I who am to blame. 是我该受到责怪。
It was me that / whom she helped yesterday. 昨天他帮助的人是我。
It’s you, rather than he, that are to blame. (07日照模拟) 是你而不是他应该受到责备。
It is not help but obstacles that make a man. 使人成才的不是助力,而是阻力。
温馨提示:但在口语或非正式文体中强调成分作主语时也可用宾格。例如:
It wasn’t me that / who invited them. (北师大版模块九) 不是我邀请他们的。
三、“三个连接词和三类强调成分”
三个连接词即that, who, whom的选择。该结构中当被强调成分为人时可用who或 that;当被强调成分为物时或既有人又有物时只用that;强调成分为人且作宾语或作介词的宾语时用whom。注意:在口语中that / who有时可省略。特别要注意的是强调物时不能用which;强调时间、地点、原因等情况也不可用when, where, why代替that。例如:
I think it was George (who / that) said it. 我认为是乔治说的。
It was with Mary whom Philip first came in contact. 菲力普第一次联系的人是玛丽。
It was along the Mississippi River that Mark Twain spent much of his childhood. (08天津) 正是在密西西比河沿岸马克吐温度过了他孩提时代的大部分时光。
该句型所强调的成分可以是单词、短语、从句(主语从句、宾语从句、状语从句等);从语法上看可强调主语、宾语、状语、同位语、with复合结构,以达到突出信息的交际目的,但不强调谓语、be后的表语及让步、比较状语从句。应注意强调原因状语从句时只能用because引导的状语从句,而不用since / as。例如:
It was green that they painted all the walls. 他们把墙漆成了绿色。 (强调成分为宾语补足语green)
It was from him, his chemistry teacher, that Paul learned to watch carefully in class. 正是他——他的化学老师让保罗学会在课堂仔细观察的。 (被强调成分有同位语时,同位语也一并提前。)
It was after he got what he had desired that he realized it was not so important. (06辽宁) 得到了他所渴望的东西后,他才觉得这一切并不是那么的重要。(强调时间状语从句时,注意不能用when连接)
Was it because the water had risen that they could not cross the river? 是由于水涨了,他们才没能过河的吗? (强调原因状语从句且为强调句型的一般问句形式)
It was with the teacher standing beside her that she felt very nervous. 正是有老师站在她旁边让她感到很紧张。(强调成分为with 复合结构)
温馨提示:强调句型虽不能强调让步状语从句,但可含有“让步含义”,有时在译成汉语时要注意“反译”的情况。例如:
It is a wise father that knows his own child. (莎士比亚名言) 再英明的父亲也不会理解他自己的子女。
四、“四种句式变化”,即一般疑问形式和反意疑问形式、特殊疑问形式、感叹句形式、省略句形式。
(一) 一般疑问和反意疑问形式
Was it in 1969 that the American astronauts succeeded in landing on the moon? (94上海)是在1969年美国宇航员成功登上月球的吗? (强调句型的一般疑问形式为Is / Was it ... that ...?或Could / Can it be ... that ... ? 若肯定回答即:Yes, it is / was. 否定作答为No, it isn’t / wasn’t.)
It was Alice and her boyfriend who / that sent the old man to the hospital, wasn’t it? 正是艾丽斯和她的男友送老人到医院的,不是吗? (反意疑问句中,其问句主语应与强调句型中强调引导词it保持一致并遵守“前肯定,后否定”原则。)
(二) 特殊疑问形式
How was it that he managed to get the information? Oh, a friend of his helped him. (05山东)他究竟是如何得到那个信息的?他的一个朋友帮他的。 (特殊疑问句,即疑问词为强调内容,句式为:疑问词 + is / was it that ...?)
(三) 感叹句形式
What a beautiful picture it is (that) you have drawn! 你画了多漂亮的一幅画呀! (其感叹形式为:What / How ... it is / was (that) + 主语 + 谓语!)
(四) 省略句形式
—Who is making so much noise in the garden? —It is the children. 谁在花园里发出这么大的声音?是孩子们发出的。(回答为强调句型在具体语境中的省略,其完整形式应是:It is the children who / that are making so much noise in the garden. 不能用They are.)
五、“五类复杂化结构”
即强调句型与宾语从句、主语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和时间状语从句(not ... until)等相结合,加大了句子结构的复杂程度和句意理解的难度。
(一) 与宾语从句结合
David said that it was because of his strong interest in literature that he chose the course. (06上海春)戴维说他选择这门课程是因为他对文学的浓厚兴趣。(强调句式作said的宾语从句,其中强调成分为原因状语。)
I just wonder what it is that makes him so excited. (06山东) 我只是想不明白是什么使他那样激动。 (wonder后的宾语从句为强调句式的特殊问句。语序应用陈述语序,即What it is that ...)
I don’t mind her criticizing me, but it is how she does it that I object to. (07江西) 我不介意她对我的批评,不过她那种批语方法我反对。(并列句中强调成分作object to的宾语从句。)
(二) 与主语从句结合
It is what you do rather than what you say that matters. (06天津) 重要的是你所做的,而不是你所说的。(主语从句为所强调的成分)
I have always been honest and straight forward and it doesn’t matter who it is that I’m talking to. 我一直诚实坦率,我并不在意我对谁讲话。(who 引导的主语从句是个强调句型,it 作形式主语。)
温馨提示:此时要注意与it作形式主语的:It + be + adj. / n. / p.p + that ...句式的区别。例如:
It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday. 决定把会议推迟到下周一。(该句中It为形式主语,that引导的从句是真正的主语从句,不能误作强调句型。除了从意思上进行区分外,还应根据强调句型的结构特点来进行判断。)
(三) 与同位语从句结合
It was at the very beginning that Mr. Fox made the decision that we should send more firefighters there. 一开始福克斯先生就做出了这样的决定:我们应该派更多的消防员去那儿。(强调句式中连接词that后有一个同位语从句,它对decision作解释说明。连结词在同位语从句中不做成分只起连接作用,故应为that。)
It was the belief that Alex Haley could find his root in Africa that made him decide to go to Cambia. 是这份信仰——他能找到他在非洲的根——使亚力克斯·哈利决定去赞比亚。(第一个that引导同位语,第二个that为强调句型连接词)
温馨提示:下列句式不是强调句型:
There is no possibility that Bob can win the first prize in the match. 鲍勃没有可能能赢得比赛一等奖。
There is some doubt whether John will come on time. 约翰能否准时来很值得怀疑。(本句为there be 句型而非强调句型。that引导的从句为同位语从句,作possibility 的同位语。后句用whether引导同位语从句来解释doubt的具体内容;若在否定句中要用that引导。)
(四) 与定语从句结合
Was it in the village where we used to live that the accident happened? (06福建) 是在我们以前居住的那个村庄里发生那起事故的吗? (关系副词where引导的定语从句修饰the village 作地点状语。)
—He was nearly drowned once. When was that?
—It was in 1998 when he was in a middle school. (02北京春) 他曾经差点被淹死。那是什么时候?是九八年他上中学时。(when引导的为定语从句,修饰先行词1998,其后省略了that he was nearly drowned once,如把when去掉,则很容易误选为that。)
It was more the way he said it than what he said that made her depressed. 使她很沮丧的与其说是他说话的内容不如说是他说话的方式。(本句强调主语more the way he said it than what he said。它既含有定语从句,又含有主语从句。同时还应注意结构:more ... than)
温馨提示:此时要区别于:It’s time that ...和It is / was + 次数(第几次) + that ... has / had done ... 此句型中that引导的是一个定语从句。后一句式中主语谓语动词用is,从句谓语动词需用现在完成时;主句谓语动词用was,that定语从句用过去完成时。而它们不是强调句型。
It’s high time that you went to bed. 是该睡觉的时候了。
It is / was the first time that I have / had come to visit the city. 这是我第一次来参观这个城市。
(五) 与时间状语从句not ... until ...结合
强调句型常和(not) until 句型结合,句式特征为:It is / was + until ... + 延续性动词;It is / was ... + 短暂性动词。not until要一并放在be后。例如:
It wasn’t until we had stayed together for a couple of weeks that I found we had a lot in common. (07浙江)直到我们在一起呆了几个星期以后,我才发现我们有许多共同之处。
温馨提示: 在和时间状语从句连用时应和以下句式区别,它们中的连接词不能用that。
1) It be + 时间段 + since ...句型。如since和延续性动词连用时则意为“某人不做某事已有多久”(行为的终止);和短暂性动词连用时则表示“某人做某事已有多久”(行为动作的开始)。例如:
It’s three years since we met last time. 自从我们上次相见已有3年了。
It’s two years since he smoked. 他戒烟有2年了。
2) It be + 时间 + when ...句型。when引导的为时间状语从句,表“某事发生时正是……时候”。注意时间词语前无介词,主从句时态一般应是一致的。例如:
It was midnight when he got home yesterday. 昨天他到家的时候已是半夜。(when引导的为时间状语从句,it为代词,指时间。)
It was at midnight that he got home yesterday. 他昨天是半夜到家的。 (本句为强调句,强调at midnight,去掉it was及that 句子结构仍完整。)
3) It was / will (not) + 时间段 + before ... 肯定句中表“过了……之后某事才发生”;否定句中意为“不久就……”。例如:
It was some time before we realized the truth. (05山东) 好久之后我们才了解到真相。
It won’t be long before we know the result of the experiment. 不久我们就会知道试验的结果。 ☆
一、“一种结构”
强调句型的基本结构特征为:“It + be + 被强调成分 + that / who + 其他成分”,其中it, that / who无词汇意义,it为强调词,引出强调成分,that / who只起语法连接作用。如去掉it, be和that三者,剩下部分(有时要作一定语序调整)仍能组成一个句意通顺、完整的句子。
二、“两种Be和两个一致”
be的变化形式常只有二种:is, was;两个一致指主谓一致、主宾格的一致。
两种“Be”的选择要视原句的时态而定:如果原句中谓语动词使用的是现在范畴的时态(一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时 / 现在完成进行时、一般将来时、将来进行时、将来完成时等),则用It is ... that / who ...;如原句中谓语动词为过去范畴的时态(一般过去时、过去将来时、过去完成时、过去进行时等),则用It was ... that ... 例如:
It was in New Zealand that Elizabeth first met Mr. Smith. (08全国Ⅱ) 伊丽莎白第一次见到史密斯先生是在新西兰。
It is the ability to do the job that matters not where you come from or what you are. (2000全国)重要的是你的工作能力,而不是你的出身和职业。
温馨提示:有时be前可与表示推测的情态动词连用以构成复合结构,如:It might be / must have been / can’t be ...that ...等。例如:
It might have been John that bought a new book for Mary yesterday. 可能是约翰昨天给玛丽买了一本新书。
分析:该句中be用了情态动词的复合结构来表示对过去的推测,许多考生看不出be的复杂变化而误认为它不是强调句式。
2. 两个一致为主宾格的一致性及主谓一致性。在此结构中被强调成分作为主语的代词时,用主格,作宾语的代词则用宾格。如强调成分为主语,那么that / who后的谓语动词要和它保持人称和数的一致。对由rather than, not ... but, not only ... but also, as well as等连接的平行、对比结构,更需谨慎。例如:
It is I who am to blame. 是我该受到责怪。
It was me that / whom she helped yesterday. 昨天他帮助的人是我。
It’s you, rather than he, that are to blame. (07日照模拟) 是你而不是他应该受到责备。
It is not help but obstacles that make a man. 使人成才的不是助力,而是阻力。
温馨提示:但在口语或非正式文体中强调成分作主语时也可用宾格。例如:
It wasn’t me that / who invited them. (北师大版模块九) 不是我邀请他们的。
三、“三个连接词和三类强调成分”
三个连接词即that, who, whom的选择。该结构中当被强调成分为人时可用who或 that;当被强调成分为物时或既有人又有物时只用that;强调成分为人且作宾语或作介词的宾语时用whom。注意:在口语中that / who有时可省略。特别要注意的是强调物时不能用which;强调时间、地点、原因等情况也不可用when, where, why代替that。例如:
I think it was George (who / that) said it. 我认为是乔治说的。
It was with Mary whom Philip first came in contact. 菲力普第一次联系的人是玛丽。
It was along the Mississippi River that Mark Twain spent much of his childhood. (08天津) 正是在密西西比河沿岸马克吐温度过了他孩提时代的大部分时光。
该句型所强调的成分可以是单词、短语、从句(主语从句、宾语从句、状语从句等);从语法上看可强调主语、宾语、状语、同位语、with复合结构,以达到突出信息的交际目的,但不强调谓语、be后的表语及让步、比较状语从句。应注意强调原因状语从句时只能用because引导的状语从句,而不用since / as。例如:
It was green that they painted all the walls. 他们把墙漆成了绿色。 (强调成分为宾语补足语green)
It was from him, his chemistry teacher, that Paul learned to watch carefully in class. 正是他——他的化学老师让保罗学会在课堂仔细观察的。 (被强调成分有同位语时,同位语也一并提前。)
It was after he got what he had desired that he realized it was not so important. (06辽宁) 得到了他所渴望的东西后,他才觉得这一切并不是那么的重要。(强调时间状语从句时,注意不能用when连接)
Was it because the water had risen that they could not cross the river? 是由于水涨了,他们才没能过河的吗? (强调原因状语从句且为强调句型的一般问句形式)
It was with the teacher standing beside her that she felt very nervous. 正是有老师站在她旁边让她感到很紧张。(强调成分为with 复合结构)
温馨提示:强调句型虽不能强调让步状语从句,但可含有“让步含义”,有时在译成汉语时要注意“反译”的情况。例如:
It is a wise father that knows his own child. (莎士比亚名言) 再英明的父亲也不会理解他自己的子女。
四、“四种句式变化”,即一般疑问形式和反意疑问形式、特殊疑问形式、感叹句形式、省略句形式。
(一) 一般疑问和反意疑问形式
Was it in 1969 that the American astronauts succeeded in landing on the moon? (94上海)是在1969年美国宇航员成功登上月球的吗? (强调句型的一般疑问形式为Is / Was it ... that ...?或Could / Can it be ... that ... ? 若肯定回答即:Yes, it is / was. 否定作答为No, it isn’t / wasn’t.)
It was Alice and her boyfriend who / that sent the old man to the hospital, wasn’t it? 正是艾丽斯和她的男友送老人到医院的,不是吗? (反意疑问句中,其问句主语应与强调句型中强调引导词it保持一致并遵守“前肯定,后否定”原则。)
(二) 特殊疑问形式
How was it that he managed to get the information? Oh, a friend of his helped him. (05山东)他究竟是如何得到那个信息的?他的一个朋友帮他的。 (特殊疑问句,即疑问词为强调内容,句式为:疑问词 + is / was it that ...?)
(三) 感叹句形式
What a beautiful picture it is (that) you have drawn! 你画了多漂亮的一幅画呀! (其感叹形式为:What / How ... it is / was (that) + 主语 + 谓语!)
(四) 省略句形式
—Who is making so much noise in the garden? —It is the children. 谁在花园里发出这么大的声音?是孩子们发出的。(回答为强调句型在具体语境中的省略,其完整形式应是:It is the children who / that are making so much noise in the garden. 不能用They are.)
五、“五类复杂化结构”
即强调句型与宾语从句、主语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和时间状语从句(not ... until)等相结合,加大了句子结构的复杂程度和句意理解的难度。
(一) 与宾语从句结合
David said that it was because of his strong interest in literature that he chose the course. (06上海春)戴维说他选择这门课程是因为他对文学的浓厚兴趣。(强调句式作said的宾语从句,其中强调成分为原因状语。)
I just wonder what it is that makes him so excited. (06山东) 我只是想不明白是什么使他那样激动。 (wonder后的宾语从句为强调句式的特殊问句。语序应用陈述语序,即What it is that ...)
I don’t mind her criticizing me, but it is how she does it that I object to. (07江西) 我不介意她对我的批评,不过她那种批语方法我反对。(并列句中强调成分作object to的宾语从句。)
(二) 与主语从句结合
It is what you do rather than what you say that matters. (06天津) 重要的是你所做的,而不是你所说的。(主语从句为所强调的成分)
I have always been honest and straight forward and it doesn’t matter who it is that I’m talking to. 我一直诚实坦率,我并不在意我对谁讲话。(who 引导的主语从句是个强调句型,it 作形式主语。)
温馨提示:此时要注意与it作形式主语的:It + be + adj. / n. / p.p + that ...句式的区别。例如:
It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday. 决定把会议推迟到下周一。(该句中It为形式主语,that引导的从句是真正的主语从句,不能误作强调句型。除了从意思上进行区分外,还应根据强调句型的结构特点来进行判断。)
(三) 与同位语从句结合
It was at the very beginning that Mr. Fox made the decision that we should send more firefighters there. 一开始福克斯先生就做出了这样的决定:我们应该派更多的消防员去那儿。(强调句式中连接词that后有一个同位语从句,它对decision作解释说明。连结词在同位语从句中不做成分只起连接作用,故应为that。)
It was the belief that Alex Haley could find his root in Africa that made him decide to go to Cambia. 是这份信仰——他能找到他在非洲的根——使亚力克斯·哈利决定去赞比亚。(第一个that引导同位语,第二个that为强调句型连接词)
温馨提示:下列句式不是强调句型:
There is no possibility that Bob can win the first prize in the match. 鲍勃没有可能能赢得比赛一等奖。
There is some doubt whether John will come on time. 约翰能否准时来很值得怀疑。(本句为there be 句型而非强调句型。that引导的从句为同位语从句,作possibility 的同位语。后句用whether引导同位语从句来解释doubt的具体内容;若在否定句中要用that引导。)
(四) 与定语从句结合
Was it in the village where we used to live that the accident happened? (06福建) 是在我们以前居住的那个村庄里发生那起事故的吗? (关系副词where引导的定语从句修饰the village 作地点状语。)
—He was nearly drowned once. When was that?
—It was in 1998 when he was in a middle school. (02北京春) 他曾经差点被淹死。那是什么时候?是九八年他上中学时。(when引导的为定语从句,修饰先行词1998,其后省略了that he was nearly drowned once,如把when去掉,则很容易误选为that。)
It was more the way he said it than what he said that made her depressed. 使她很沮丧的与其说是他说话的内容不如说是他说话的方式。(本句强调主语more the way he said it than what he said。它既含有定语从句,又含有主语从句。同时还应注意结构:more ... than)
温馨提示:此时要区别于:It’s time that ...和It is / was + 次数(第几次) + that ... has / had done ... 此句型中that引导的是一个定语从句。后一句式中主语谓语动词用is,从句谓语动词需用现在完成时;主句谓语动词用was,that定语从句用过去完成时。而它们不是强调句型。
It’s high time that you went to bed. 是该睡觉的时候了。
It is / was the first time that I have / had come to visit the city. 这是我第一次来参观这个城市。
(五) 与时间状语从句not ... until ...结合
强调句型常和(not) until 句型结合,句式特征为:It is / was + until ... + 延续性动词;It is / was ... + 短暂性动词。not until要一并放在be后。例如:
It wasn’t until we had stayed together for a couple of weeks that I found we had a lot in common. (07浙江)直到我们在一起呆了几个星期以后,我才发现我们有许多共同之处。
温馨提示: 在和时间状语从句连用时应和以下句式区别,它们中的连接词不能用that。
1) It be + 时间段 + since ...句型。如since和延续性动词连用时则意为“某人不做某事已有多久”(行为的终止);和短暂性动词连用时则表示“某人做某事已有多久”(行为动作的开始)。例如:
It’s three years since we met last time. 自从我们上次相见已有3年了。
It’s two years since he smoked. 他戒烟有2年了。
2) It be + 时间 + when ...句型。when引导的为时间状语从句,表“某事发生时正是……时候”。注意时间词语前无介词,主从句时态一般应是一致的。例如:
It was midnight when he got home yesterday. 昨天他到家的时候已是半夜。(when引导的为时间状语从句,it为代词,指时间。)
It was at midnight that he got home yesterday. 他昨天是半夜到家的。 (本句为强调句,强调at midnight,去掉it was及that 句子结构仍完整。)
3) It was / will (not) + 时间段 + before ... 肯定句中表“过了……之后某事才发生”;否定句中意为“不久就……”。例如:
It was some time before we realized the truth. (05山东) 好久之后我们才了解到真相。
It won’t be long before we know the result of the experiment. 不久我们就会知道试验的结果。 ☆