论文部分内容阅读
从第十三讲至第二十二讲,文学课堂讲述与文学最为密切的十种关系。这十大关系包括“文学与自然”、“文学与宗教”、“文学与政治”、“文学与自我”、“文学与艺术”、“文学与人生”、“文学与道德”、“文学与文化”、“文学与天才”、“文学与状态”。前五个关系中,首先是“文学与自然”。这里讲的“自然”不是“内自然”(即“情欲”),也非哲学意义上的“自然”(即自然规律、宇宙想象等),而是“外自然”(即“大自然”)。就文学的总基调而言,西方文学“人与自然”的关系是“征服”(如《白鲸记》、《老人与海》等),中国文学则更倾向于“和谐”(如《庄子·知北游》等),但这两种基调也在变迁。“文学与宗教”都是情感和心灵的存在形式,都追求启迪性真理,并都具有超越性;但因各自的不同性质,两者又有根本区别。宗教情感归于“一”(神),文学情感归于“多”(多元、复杂);宗教走向信仰,文学走向审美。由于“自我”的内涵不同,(西方更重自我扩展,中国更重自我修炼),所以“文学与自我”这一关系在中西文学中也呈现出不同风貌。而文学家最重要的是守持独立不移的自我品格(即“真我”)。“文学与政治”总是发生冲突,这是因为两者的性质根本不同。文学的内涵大于政治内涵,人道原则大于政治原则,文学不能变成政治的注脚,也无需政治为文学服务。文学在两个发展方向上优于其他艺术形式,一是文学可以发展思想深度,二是文学可以拓展内心空间;但文学也应吸收后者的营养,使自身更丰富。
From the thirteenth to the twenty-second, the literary class tells the ten relationships most closely related to literature. The ten major relationships include “Literature and Nature”, “Literature and Religion”, “Literature and Politics”, “Literature and Self”, “Literature and Art”, “Literature and Life Literature, Ethics, Literature and Culture, Literature and Genius, Literature and State. In the first five relations, the first is ”literature and nature“. The word ”natural“ here is not ”natural“ (ie, ”erotic“) nor ”natural“ (ie, natural law, cosmic imagination, etc.) in the philosophical sense, but ” Natural “(ie ” Nature “). As far as the general tone of literature is concerned, the relationship between Western literature and ”man and nature“ is ”conquest “ (such as ”Moby Dick“, ”the elderly and the sea“, etc.), while Chinese literature tends to be more ”harmonious “(Such as” Zhuangzi know North tour “, etc.), but these two kinds of tone are also changing. Both ”literature and religion“ are forms of emotion and spiritual existence, all pursuing the enlightenment truth, and all have transcendence. However, due to their different nature, there is a fundamental difference between the two. Religious feelings attributed to ”one“ (God), literature sentiment attributed to ”more“ (pluralistic, complex); religious toward beliefs, literature toward aesthetic. Due to the different connotations of ”self “ (more self-expansion in the West and greater self-cultivation in China), the relationship between ”literature and self“ also shows different styles in Chinese and Western literature. The most important thing for a writer is to maintain his independent character (ie, ”true self“). There is always a conflict between ”literature and politics" because the nature of the two is fundamentally different. The connotation of literature is greater than the political connotation, the principle of humanity is greater than the principle of politics, literature can not become a political footnote, nor does politics need to serve literature. Literature is superior to other forms of art in two directions. First, literature can develop the depth of thought. Second, literature can expand its inner space. However, literature should also absorb the latter’s nutrition to enrich itself.