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汉语和日语里,“鬼”这个字的写法是一模一样的,只是读音不同。而且有关“鬼”的词在汉语和日语里都多用其比喻义,很少使用“鬼”的本义。汉日“鬼”词语的引申义,既有许多相同之处,也有各自的特点。从认知视角对汉日“鬼”词语的引申义,特别是隐喻用法加以对比研究,可以发现汉语“鬼”词语的贬义用法比日语“鬼”词语的贬义用法多。尤其是表示“讨厌”的贬义用法多。汉语里有强烈的否定意义的用法,而日语则没有。另外,汉语“鬼”的词缀贬义用法比日语丰富得多,更有发展的趋势。这就要求我们在跨文化交际过程中,考虑不同语言间的文化差异,准确地理解汉日“鬼”词语的引申义,从而避免因母语负迁移而造成的误译、误用现象。
In Chinese and Japanese, the wording “ghost” is exactly the same, except that the pronunciation is different. Moreover, the word “ghost” often uses its metaphorical meaning in both Chinese and Japanese, rarely using the original meaning of “ghost”. The extended meanings of the Chinese and Japanese “ghosts” have many similarities and also have their own characteristics. From the perspective of cognition, we can find that the derogatory usage of Chinese “ghost” is more derogatory than that of Japanese “ghost”. In particular, there is much derogatory usage of “hate”. There is a strong negative usage in Chinese, but not in Japanese. In addition, the affix derogatory usage of Chinese “ghost” is much richer and more developmental than Japanese. This requires us to consider the cultural differences between different languages and accurately understand the extended meaning of the words “ghost” in cross-cultural communication so as to avoid the mistranslation and misuse caused by the negative transfer of the mother tongue.