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1985年以来,美元对主要欧洲货币和日元的汇价下跌约50％。美元的大幅度贬值,对不同经济类型的发展中国家产生了不同的影响,既有有利的一面,也有不利的一面。以外向型经济为主的亚洲“四条小龙”得利,但对绝大多数非洲国家来说,却是弊多,无异于雪上加霜。非洲国家外汇收入的92％以上依赖原料和初级产品出口,出口产品大部分以美元计价,故美元汇价的波动直接影响原料和初级产品的价格,形成水涨船高,水落船低的浮动局面。加之近年来国际市场初级产品价格持续下跌,这就使非洲国家遭受美元贬值和出口产品价格下跌的双重打击。1986年,因初级产品价格下跌,非洲出口收入减少29％,从1985年的640亿美元降至456亿美元;而因美元贬值和主要欧
Since 1985, the dollar has dropped about 50% against the major European currencies and the Japanese yen. The drastic devaluation of the U.S. dollar has had a different impact on developing countries of different economic types, both on the positive side and the negative side. The “four dragons” of Asia, which are mainly outward-oriented economies, benefitted. However, for most African countries, it is more harm than good. More than 92% of the foreign exchange earnings of African countries depend on the export of raw materials and primary products, and most of their exports are denominated in U.S. dollars. Therefore, fluctuations in the U.S. dollar exchange rate directly affect the prices of raw materials and primary products, creating a floating situation where the prices of ships and water are low. Coupled with the continued drop in the prices of primary products in the international market in recent years, this has hit African countries in double blows from the devaluation of the U.S. dollar and the drop in the prices of export products. In 1986, as a result of the fall in the prices of primary products, the export receipts of African countries decreased by 29% from 45 billion U.S. dollars in 1985 to 45.6 billion U.S. dollars. Due to the depreciation of the U.S. dollar and major European