论文部分内容阅读
摘要 [目的]系统研究春小麦生长发育特性以及植株氮素吸收规律,阐明不同农艺措施与氮素利用的关系,深入揭示节水条件下氮肥高效利用的生理机制,明确节水灌溉春小麦实现高氮素利用效率的适宜农艺措施,以期达到减少氮肥施用量、提高氮肥利用效率、降低小麦生产成本、减少环境污染、保护生态环境的目的。[方法]在前期研究确立的节水灌溉模式基础上,通过4因素5水平二次回归正交设计试验,以基本苗数、种肥磷量、施氮量和灌水定额4项主要农艺措施为决策变量,以氮素农学利用效率为目标函数,建立了内蒙古河套灌区主要农艺措施与春小麦氮素农学利用效率的二次多项式回归模型。[结果]4项农艺措施对氮素农学利用效率的影响大小顺序为:基本苗数>灌水定额>施氮量>种肥磷量。通过频数寻优,定量化地提出了河套灌区春小麦实现高氮素农学利用效率的农艺措施优化组合方案,即基本苗数控制在678.9万~710.9万株/ hm2,种肥磷量(P2O5)142.4~158.9 kg/hm2,拔节期追施氮量(纯N)124.5~142.0 kg/hm2,拔节期和抽穗期灌水定额均为903.5~951.6 m3/hm2,可实现节水春小麦氮素利用率大于10 kg/kg。[结论]该研究可为建立河套灌区春小麦节水省肥高产栽培技术体系提供理论依据。
关键词 春小麦;氮素利用效率;农艺措施;河套灌区
中图分类号 S512 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611(2014)11-03199-04
Abstract [Objective] The aim was to study the wheat growth and development characteristics and its plants nitrogen use absorption law systematically to clarify the relationship between different agronomic measures and nitrogen use, reveal the physiological mechanism of high efficiency use of nitrogen under water-saving conditions deeply to confirm on the suitable agronomic measures of water-saving spring wheat to realize high efficiency use of nitrogen, then to get the goal of decreasing nitrogen application amount, improving nitrogen use efficiency, cutting down wheat production cost, reducing environment pollution to protect ecological environment. [Method] On the basis of water-saving irrigation pattern of preliminary studies established, the field experiment was carried out through the four factors and five levels quadratic regression orthogonal designed test, a quadratic polynomial regression mathematical model of major agronomic measures and nitrogen use efficiency of spring wheat in Hetao Irrigation Region of the Inner Mongolia were established taking the four key agronomic measures(basic seedlings number, the amount of basic phosphorus, nitrogen application amount and irrigation water quota) as decision variables, and the nitrogen use efficiency as the objective function. [Result] The effects of the four agronomic measures on nitrogen use efficiency was in the order of basic seedlings number> irrigation water quota> nitrogen application amount> the amount of basic phosphorus. Through the frequency analysis, quantitatively proposed that optimized agronomic measures combination plan of spring wheat of the Hetao Irrigation District realizing high nitrogen use efficiency was as follows: the basic seedlings number was 6.789-7.109 million plants per hectare, the amount of basic phosphorus (P2O5) was 142.4- 158.9 kg/hm2, additional nitrogen amount of jointing stage (pure N) was 124.5- 142.0 kg/hm2, the irrigation quota of jointing and heading stage was 903.75- 951.6 m3/hm2, which achieved that the nitrogen use efficiency of watersaving spring wheat was more than 10 kg/kg. [Conclusion] The study provides a theoretical basis for establishing water-saving, fertilizersaving and high yield production technological system of spring wheat in Hetao Irrigation Region of the Inner Mongolia. 董文娟等在河套灌区对春小麦的研究得出,灌4水条件下最大氮素利用效率的施氮量为148.5~195.0 kg/hm2,而灌2水条件下得出最大氮素利用效率的施氮量为124.5~129.0 kg/hm2[16],与该试验得出的节水春小麦最大氮素农学利用效率的施氮量范围124.5~142.0 kg/hm2接近。这证明,在节水栽培条件下,适当减少施氮量可显著提高小麦的氮素利用效率。
该试验结果表明,在优化种植密度、施肥量和灌水定额条件下,河套平原灌区春小麦的氮素利用效率能够达到13.6 kg/kg,远高于目前现有报道的数值范围。该试验得出的河套灌区春小麦高氮素农学利用效率的优化组合措施为实现北方灌区春小麦模式化栽培提供了切实可行的途径。由于整个河套灌区各地的小气候、土壤条件不同,因此该研究提出的春小麦高氮素农学利用效率的农艺措施方案的适应性和持续性尚待进一步验证。
参考文献
[1] 于显枫,郭天文.水氮互作对春小麦叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数的作用机制[J].西北农业学报,2008,17( 3):117-123.
[2] 中国农业学院土壤肥料研究所.中国肥料[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1994.
[3] 内蒙古统计局.内蒙古统计年鉴2009[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2009.
[4] 兰林旺,周殿玺.小麦节水高产研究[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,1995:4-15.
[5] 李韵珠.土壤水和氮的交互作用[C]//周琦,王学臣.作物高产高效生理学研究进展.北京:科学出版社,1996:191-200.
[6] CONDON A G.The effect of variation in soil water availability,vapory pressure deficit and nitrogen nutrition on carbon isotope discrimination in wheat water use efficiency[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1992,43( 5):935-947.
[7] 康绍忠.西北地区农业节水与水资源持续利用[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999.
[8] 汪芝寿,曹承富,孔令聪,等.淮北地区小麦需肥特性及高效施肥技术研究[J].安微农业科学,1991(1):12-17.
[9] 胡承霖,范荣喜.氮肥磷肥对小麦产量和品质的影响[J].安徽农学院学报,1991,18(1):34-38.
[10] 余松烈.亩产1159斤的小麦在各生育期吸收氮、磷、钾的数量[M]//小麦栽培生理.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1981.
[11]童依平,李继云,李振声.不同小麦品种吸收利用氮素效率的差异及有关机理研究I吸收和利用效率对产量的影响[J].西北植物学报,1999,19(2):270-277.
[12]童依平,李继云,李振声.不同小麦品种(系)吸收利用氮素效率的差异及有关机理研究:Ⅱ.影响利用效率的因素分析[J].西北植物学报,1999,19(4):598-604.
[13]张国平,张光恒.小麦氮素利用效率的基因性差异研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1996,2(4):331-335.
[14]李世娟.不同小麦品种产量及氮素利用的差异[J].干旱地区农业研究,2000,18(4):41-44.
[15]何文寿,储燕宁,王彦才,等.不同基因型小麦氮营养效率的差异[J].宁夏农学院学报,1997,18(4):30-34.
[16]董文娟,张永平,谢岷,等.河套灌区春小麦高产栽培水氮高效利用研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(6):127-131.
关键词 春小麦;氮素利用效率;农艺措施;河套灌区
中图分类号 S512 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611(2014)11-03199-04
Abstract [Objective] The aim was to study the wheat growth and development characteristics and its plants nitrogen use absorption law systematically to clarify the relationship between different agronomic measures and nitrogen use, reveal the physiological mechanism of high efficiency use of nitrogen under water-saving conditions deeply to confirm on the suitable agronomic measures of water-saving spring wheat to realize high efficiency use of nitrogen, then to get the goal of decreasing nitrogen application amount, improving nitrogen use efficiency, cutting down wheat production cost, reducing environment pollution to protect ecological environment. [Method] On the basis of water-saving irrigation pattern of preliminary studies established, the field experiment was carried out through the four factors and five levels quadratic regression orthogonal designed test, a quadratic polynomial regression mathematical model of major agronomic measures and nitrogen use efficiency of spring wheat in Hetao Irrigation Region of the Inner Mongolia were established taking the four key agronomic measures(basic seedlings number, the amount of basic phosphorus, nitrogen application amount and irrigation water quota) as decision variables, and the nitrogen use efficiency as the objective function. [Result] The effects of the four agronomic measures on nitrogen use efficiency was in the order of basic seedlings number> irrigation water quota> nitrogen application amount> the amount of basic phosphorus. Through the frequency analysis, quantitatively proposed that optimized agronomic measures combination plan of spring wheat of the Hetao Irrigation District realizing high nitrogen use efficiency was as follows: the basic seedlings number was 6.789-7.109 million plants per hectare, the amount of basic phosphorus (P2O5) was 142.4- 158.9 kg/hm2, additional nitrogen amount of jointing stage (pure N) was 124.5- 142.0 kg/hm2, the irrigation quota of jointing and heading stage was 903.75- 951.6 m3/hm2, which achieved that the nitrogen use efficiency of watersaving spring wheat was more than 10 kg/kg. [Conclusion] The study provides a theoretical basis for establishing water-saving, fertilizersaving and high yield production technological system of spring wheat in Hetao Irrigation Region of the Inner Mongolia. 董文娟等在河套灌区对春小麦的研究得出,灌4水条件下最大氮素利用效率的施氮量为148.5~195.0 kg/hm2,而灌2水条件下得出最大氮素利用效率的施氮量为124.5~129.0 kg/hm2[16],与该试验得出的节水春小麦最大氮素农学利用效率的施氮量范围124.5~142.0 kg/hm2接近。这证明,在节水栽培条件下,适当减少施氮量可显著提高小麦的氮素利用效率。
该试验结果表明,在优化种植密度、施肥量和灌水定额条件下,河套平原灌区春小麦的氮素利用效率能够达到13.6 kg/kg,远高于目前现有报道的数值范围。该试验得出的河套灌区春小麦高氮素农学利用效率的优化组合措施为实现北方灌区春小麦模式化栽培提供了切实可行的途径。由于整个河套灌区各地的小气候、土壤条件不同,因此该研究提出的春小麦高氮素农学利用效率的农艺措施方案的适应性和持续性尚待进一步验证。
参考文献
[1] 于显枫,郭天文.水氮互作对春小麦叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数的作用机制[J].西北农业学报,2008,17( 3):117-123.
[2] 中国农业学院土壤肥料研究所.中国肥料[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1994.
[3] 内蒙古统计局.内蒙古统计年鉴2009[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2009.
[4] 兰林旺,周殿玺.小麦节水高产研究[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,1995:4-15.
[5] 李韵珠.土壤水和氮的交互作用[C]//周琦,王学臣.作物高产高效生理学研究进展.北京:科学出版社,1996:191-200.
[6] CONDON A G.The effect of variation in soil water availability,vapory pressure deficit and nitrogen nutrition on carbon isotope discrimination in wheat water use efficiency[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1992,43( 5):935-947.
[7] 康绍忠.西北地区农业节水与水资源持续利用[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999.
[8] 汪芝寿,曹承富,孔令聪,等.淮北地区小麦需肥特性及高效施肥技术研究[J].安微农业科学,1991(1):12-17.
[9] 胡承霖,范荣喜.氮肥磷肥对小麦产量和品质的影响[J].安徽农学院学报,1991,18(1):34-38.
[10] 余松烈.亩产1159斤的小麦在各生育期吸收氮、磷、钾的数量[M]//小麦栽培生理.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1981.
[11]童依平,李继云,李振声.不同小麦品种吸收利用氮素效率的差异及有关机理研究I吸收和利用效率对产量的影响[J].西北植物学报,1999,19(2):270-277.
[12]童依平,李继云,李振声.不同小麦品种(系)吸收利用氮素效率的差异及有关机理研究:Ⅱ.影响利用效率的因素分析[J].西北植物学报,1999,19(4):598-604.
[13]张国平,张光恒.小麦氮素利用效率的基因性差异研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1996,2(4):331-335.
[14]李世娟.不同小麦品种产量及氮素利用的差异[J].干旱地区农业研究,2000,18(4):41-44.
[15]何文寿,储燕宁,王彦才,等.不同基因型小麦氮营养效率的差异[J].宁夏农学院学报,1997,18(4):30-34.
[16]董文娟,张永平,谢岷,等.河套灌区春小麦高产栽培水氮高效利用研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(6):127-131.