中国美术内涵 (一)美术与方术 中国方术涉及天文、地理、气象、水文、灾变、历法、测绘、耕种收藏、生老病死、家庭、社会、国家、战争等等。内容包括星占术、相地术、相人术、相禽术、算术、式法、易占、象占、杂占、筮卜、养生术、医术、房中术、巫蛊、厌胜等方技和术数。 在中国先民的心目中,掌握了方术和土地的独立社区才被视为文明的国度。商代甲骨文称国土周边的文明之邦叫方,如人方、鬼方、龙方、土方、羌方等,总共一百多个。这些方国的王族,原本是炎黄民族的前身或支裔,或同炎黄民族有过婚姻关系。所谓方国,就是懂得和能运用经世济时的方术的国家。 甲骨文中的方字是一个会意字,即手持矩的人。矩字在周代金文中写作“巨’,在商代甲骨文中写作“工”。掌握方术的人叫巫,甲骨文中的平字就是两个矩的合并。矩是画方形的工具。汉代的画像石上,文明始祖伏羲或女娲多手持矩尺。在原始人的视野中,自然物体的轮廓有圆,椭圆等规则和不规则的各种形状,唯独没有方形。方形是规范易占八卦以及天文、地理、堪舆、算术的基本形式。汉代以前的各种占法使用的占盘都是方形。公元前11世纪末,周公曾向术数家商高请教算术,商高指出:术数始于圆和方,圆出于方,方出于矩,旋转矩就成为圆形,合并矩就成为方形;方 Chinese Art Connotation (1) Art and Alchemy Chinese alchemy involves astronomy, geography, meteorology, hydrology, catastrophe, calendars, surveying and mapping, cultivation collection, illness and death, family, society, state and war. Contents include astrology, phase surgery, phase surgery, phase of poultry surgery, arithmetic, method, easy to account, accounting for, misappropriating, nurse, regimen, medicine, room surgery, witches, sickness, etc. Fang skills and surgery. In the eyes of the Chinese ancestors, an independent community that mastered alchemy and land was regarded as a civilized nation. On behalf of the Shang Dynasty, Oracle called the state of civilization around the territories called Fang, such as Fang Fang, Guifang, Long Fang, earthwork, Qiang Fang, a total of more than 100. These royal kingdoms were originally the ancestors or descendants of the Yanhuang ethnic group, or had a marital relationship with the Yanhuang ethnic group. The so-called Fang country, is to know and can use the economy of the country when the alchemy. The word in Oracle is a word, that is, the person holding the moment. Mozi wrote “Giant” in the Jin text of the Zhou dynasty, and wrote “Gong” in the Shang dynasty oracle bone. The person who mastered the alchemy was Wu, and the plain word in the oracle bone was the merging of two moments. Moments were painted square tools. Stone, civilized ancestor Fu Xi or Nu Wa more hand-held rectangular feet in the primitive human vision, natural objects outline round, oval and other rules and irregular shapes, except that no square square is easy to account for gossip and Astronomy, geography, geomancy, the basic form of arithmetic.At the Han dynasties accounted for a variety of accounting method used square is square.Central end of the eleventh century BC, Zhou Gong had to consult the arithmetic operators, Gao said: Round and square, round out of the square, square out of moments, the moment of rotation becomes a circle, the combined moment becomes a square; square