非谓语动词在完成句子中的考查

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  在完成句子这种题型中,非谓语动词是必考点之一。非谓语动词包括动词的ing形式、动词不定式和过去分词。非谓语动词的运用包括非谓语动词与句子主语的关系,非谓语动词的时态和语态,如非谓语动词的完成时、一般式、进行式等,独立主格结构和动名词的复合结构等。
  
  一、动词不定式的时态和语态
  [&主动&被动&意义特征&一般时&to do&to be done&所表示的动作通常与谓语所表示的动作同时(或几乎同时)发生,或在其后发生。&进行时&to be done&&当谓语动词所表示的动作发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行。&完成时&to have done&to have been done&所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。&完成进行时&to have been doing&&所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前就已经开始,并一直进行着。到说话时为止,这个动作可能已停止,也可能还在继续。&]
  He pretended not to see me. (同时)
  There is a report to be given by Professor Li this evening. (在其后)
  They are said to be building a new car factory in that province. (进行时)
  The book is said to have been translated into Chinese. (完成时的被动式)
  He was said to have been working in that factory for nearly forty years. (完成进行时)
  
  二、动词ing形式的时态和语态
  1. 现在分词的时态和语态
  [形式&语法功能&意义特征&一般时
  doing&定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语&所表示的动作是主动的,且一般与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。&一般时的被动式
  being done&定语、状语、宾语补足语&所表示的动作是被动的,且一般与谓语动词所表示的动作同步发生。&完成式
  having done&只作状语&表示主动的动作,且其表示的动作是在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。&完成时的被动式
  having been done&只作状语&表示被动的动作,且其表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。&]
  Talking and laughing, they went out of the classroom. (一般时,状语)
  The old man being taken good care of is living a happy life. (一般时,定语)
  Having noted down our names and addresses, the policeman dismissed us. (完成时,状语)
  Having been shown around the library, the parents were taken to the dinning room. (完成时,状语)
  2. 动名词的时态和语态
  [&主动语态&被动语态&语法功能&一般式&doing&being done&主语、宾语、表语&完成式&having done&having been done&主语、宾语、表语&]
  Talking is easier than doing.(一般时,主语)
  He apologized to me for not having kept his word. (完成时,介词宾语)
  3. 动名词的复合结构
  在形式上,通常在动名词前加物主代词、名词的所有格、人称代词的宾格或名词的普通格来表示这个动名词的逻辑主语。在功能上,动名词的复合结构在句中常用作主语、表语或宾语。注意:人称代词的宾格或名词的普通格+动名词结构不能位于句首。
  Do you think his going there will be of any help?(主语)
  They insisted on my/me staying there for dinner.(宾语)
  Mary being late again made the teacher angry. (错误)
  Mary’s being late again made the teacher angry. (正确)
  
  三、过去分词的形式
  [形式&语法功能&意义特征&done&用作表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语&既表示被动的动作又表示动作已完成。&]
  She had to shout to make herself heard. (宾语补足语)
  Seen from the top of the hill, the park looks very beautiful. (状语)
  
  四、独立主格结构
  形式:名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/副词/名词短语/介词短语
  独立主格结构用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句没有句法上的联系,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,常用逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。独立主格结构只能做状语,而“with + 宾语 + 补语”可做状语、定语、表语等。
  There being no bus, we had to walk home.
  He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
  The lights off, we could not go on with the work.
  The teacher came in, (with) a book under his arm.
  The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while.
  
  五、题例分析
  完成句子侧重考查非谓语动词作定语、状语、动名词的复合结构和独立主格结构。答题的关键是判断非谓语动词所表示的动作发生的时间和语态,选择非谓语动词正确的形式。现在结合试题具体分析:
  1. The bridge (要修建的)will join that island to their city.(build)
  分析 从所给的词和汉语提示可以判断出这里要填的是动词,句中已有了谓语动词will join,所以要用非谓语动词形式。根据汉语提示,“修建”这个动作没有发生;根据句法,所填词在句中作定语。非谓语动词的三种形式中只有不定式的一般时表示动作没有发生,可作定语。另外从语态上可以判断应使用被动语态。综合考虑,得出答案to be built。
  2. The bridge (正在修建的) will join that island to their city. (build)
  分析 与上例不同的只是时态。根据汉语提示,“修建”这个动作正在进行。从语态上,应使用被动语态,所填词在句中作定语。being done 结构可作定语,既表示动作正在进行,又表示此动作与所修饰的词构成被动关系。综合考虑,得出答案being built。
  3. The bridge (去年修建的)is very important in joining that island to their city. (build)
  分析 此处是非谓语动词作定语的情况。所填的词必须符合:①表示动作已完成;②表示动作与所修饰的词构成被动关系。因此这里应该用动词的过去分词短语作定语。综合考虑,得出答案built last year。
  4. (从顶上看) the tower, our town looks more beautiful. (see)
  分析 looks是句子谓语动词,所填动词为非谓语动词,在句中作状语。see与句子主语our town构成被动关系,动词的过去分词表示被动语态。结合汉语提示,得出答案Seen from the top of。
  5. (从顶上看) the tower, we find our town more beautiful. (see)
  分析 与上例不同的只是see与句子主语we构成主动关系,现在分词表示主动。结合汉语提示,得出答案Seeing from the top of。
  6. (为了看)the tower, he drove two hours from a mountainous village. (see)
  分析 drove是句子的谓语动词,所填词应为非谓语动词,在句中作状语。根据汉语提示和句法结构,可知所填词在句中作目的状语,动词不定式可作目的状语。see与句子主语he构成主动关系,用不定式的主动形式。see这个动作还未发生,不定式的一般时可表示将来时态。综合考虑,得出答案To see。
  7. (被打了)by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry. (hit)
  分析 began是句子的谓语动词,所填词应为非谓语动词,在句中作状语。hit这一动作发生在began to cry之前,应用现在分词的完成形式;又因为hit与句子主语the little boy构成被动关系,则用现在分词的被动形式。综合考虑,得出答案Having been hit。
  8. (玛丽被选为) as the most excellent student in her university made her parents very happy. (chose)
  分析 made在句中作谓语,所填词在句子中作主语。根据提示词chose,可考虑动词不定式或动名词作主语。再根据汉语提示,应使用动名词的复合结构。动名词的复合结构作主语,应在名词的所有格形式后接动名词,不用普通格形式。chose这一动作可以在made这一动作之前发生也可以基本同时发生。综合考虑,得出答案Mary’s being chosen/Mary’s having been chosen。
  9. (有很多工作要做), he didn’t go to the cinema. (with)
  分析 根据提示词with,得知此题考查with的复合结构,其形式为:with+宾语+宾语补足语。汉语提示“要做”表示将来的动作,用动词不定式表示将来。在with的复合结构中,动词不定式要用主动形式表示被动意义:工作虽然被做,但不用to be done结构。综合考虑,得出答案With a lot of work to do。
  [【练习】
  1. (为了学好英语), he needs a dictionary. (learn)
  2. They went to the park, (边说边唱). (talk, sing)
  3. (被告诉了好几遍), the naughty boy made the same mistake. (tell)
  4. Can you hear her (在唱歌) in the next room? (sing)
  5. (工作做完了), they went out to play.(with)
  6. (陷入沉思), he almost ran into the car in front of him. (lose)
  7. The sports meet (举行) next week is of great importance. (hold)
  8. The sports meet (正在举行) is very important. (hold)
  9. The sports meet (上星期举行) is of great importance. (hold)
  10. Would you (介意我打开) the window? (mind)
  【参考答案】
  1. To learn English well
  2. talking and singing
  3. Having been told many times/Told many times
  4. Singing the song/songs
  5. With the work done/finished; The work done/finished
  6. Lost in thought
  7. to be held
  8. being held now
  9. held last week
  10. mind me/my opening
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