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本文着重综述我国三十年来关于作物杂种优势利用的成就,以及进一步普及和提高问题。从生产观点出发,杂种优势的概念应该是:F_1或其后代超过其高亲本和当地的推广优良品种。根据不同作物的生物学和遗传学特点,作物杂种优势的利用可归纳为下列九种类型: 1、天然异交作物,如玉米、甜菜等。 2、雌雄异株作物,如菠菜、大麻等。 3、天然自交作物,如蕃茄、茄子、烟草等。 4、具有雄性不育系作物,如高粱、水稻、小麦、棉花、洋葱等。 5、具有自交不亲和性作物,如油菜、甘兰、白菜等。 6、无性繁殖作物,如马铃薯、甘薯、甘蔗以及多年生果树等。 7、双二倍体,如人工“小黑麦”等。 8、利用“无融合生殖”和“平衡致死”来维持“永久杂种”。 9、化学杀雄。
This article focuses on the achievements made over the past three decades in China on the utilization of crop heterosis, as well as further popularization and improvement of the issue. From a production point of view, the concept of heterosis should be: F_1 or its progeny outperform their high parents and local extension elite. According to the biological and genetic characteristics of different crops, crop heterosis utilization can be summarized into the following nine types: 1, natural outcrops such as corn, sugar beet and so on. 2, dioecious crops, such as spinach, marijuana and so on. 3, self-made natural crops, such as tomatoes, eggplant, tobacco and so on. 4, with male sterile lines crops, such as sorghum, rice, wheat, cotton, onion and so on. 5, with self-incompatibility crops, such as rape, cabbage, cabbage and so on. 6, asexual reproduction of crops, such as potatoes, sweet potatoes, sugar cane and perennial fruit trees. 7, double diploid, such as artificial “Triticale” and so on. 8, the use of “apomixis” and “balance lethal” to maintain “permanent hybrid.” 9, chemical kill male.