An important issue in the analysis of integral bridges is how to model the interaction of abutments,foundations and piles with their surrounding soil.In rec
As an important parameter,bridge design life including design life of the bridge and design life of the component,which will determine durability measures a
The status of bridges which play an important role in the transportation lines is self-evident.The function of bridges not only depends on the design and so
Actual bridge components are often exposed to a combined effect of various environmental factors.The potential environmental combinations are generally two