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翻阅近几年的高考英语试卷,可以发现,单项选择题中出现了许多结构复杂的长句,因此,弄清句子结构就成了解题的关键。笔者结合真题,探讨一些切实可行的分析句子结构的方法。
一、 正确处理“间隔现象”
通过在关键部位添加从句、介词短语、副词短语等修饰性成分或插入语,将句子的主要成分隔开的现象,在语法上被称为“间隔现象”。
1. 正确处理插入语
在句子的关键部位增加插入语,给正确理解句子增加了难度。
插入语多用作对中心话题的补充说明,与句中的其他成分没有语法上的关系,可置于句中任何位置,不影响句子的语法结构。解题时,可先去掉插入语,拎出句子主干,简化句子结构,从而更好地理解整个句子。
例1John plays football ______,if not better than, David.
A. as well B. as well as
C. so well D. so well as
解析: 答案为B。做题时,同学们一见到“if not better than” 这种较为陌生的短语,往往就觉得束手无策,其实它只是插入语。直接去掉它,再把句子主干部分的关系理顺就可以解题了。
例2—Is that the small town you often refer to?
—Right, just the one ______ you know I used to work for years.
A. that B. which
C. where D. what
解析: 答案为C。句中的you know为插入语,将其去除后,可清楚地看出the one指代前句中的the town,作定语从句I used to work for years的先行词,故用where作其引导词。
2.正确处理修饰性成分
解题时,可将修饰性成分去除或移到末尾,找出句子的主要成分了。
例3The news that Liu Xiang won the first gold medal in the final 110-meter hurdle race for China in the 28th Olympic Games ______ all the Chinese in the world.
A. excited B. was excited
C. was exciting D. had excited
解析: 答案为A。 that从句是主语the news的同位语从句,对主语进行补充说明,可暂时将其忽略。剩下的句子中已有主语、宾语,故选项应当是作谓语的。
例4It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year,______
for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.
A. that B. while
C. which D. when
解析: 答案为D。句中的for these football fans this year为修饰性成分,for the first time in years是状语提前,都可被暂时忽略。这样,句子就变得简单清楚,即选项应为an exciting moment的非限制性定语从句的引导词。
二、 把含有特殊语序的句子还原为陈述句
所谓含特殊语序的句子,指倒装句、省略句等类型(还可以包括疑问句)的句子,同学们一遇到这类句子就觉得无从下手。命题人往往利用这一点来增加题目的难度。解题时,可将句子还原为正常语序。比如疑问句和倒装句可还原为陈述句,省略句则可根据逻辑,将被省略的内容补齐,从而达到方便理解句子的目的。
例5One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and ______.
A. the other is white
B. another white
C. the other white
D. another is white
解析: 答案为C。本题可采用还原为正常语序的方法解答。根据句意,木板的一面要漆成黄色,另一面要漆成白色,可在横线处的句子的完整形式为:the other should be painted white。
例6Is this the village ______ he was born?
例7Is this villagehe was born ?
A. where B. that
C. the one that D. the one where
解析: 例6、例7两题题干之间仅一字之差,答案分别为选项A和D。若将疑问句还原成陈述句, 例6的主语、系动词和表语等句子的主要成分都是完整的,故选where引导其后的定语从句;而例7则只有主语、系动词,必须补足其表语成分,随后再跟定语从句。
三、 排除思维定势,透过现象看本质
考试中,经常会遇到与以前做过的题目形式相近、实际语法结构却截然不同的句子,同学们往往依据自己的定势思维,不假思索地写出以前的答案,造成不必要的失分。针对这一点,同学们平时应从分析句子结构入手,多比较、多练习,切勿马虎粗疏,死记硬背。
例8______ is well known that China is a big country with a long history.
例9______ is well known is that China is a big country with a long history.
例10 ______ is well known, China is a big country with a long history.
A. That B. What
C. It D. As
解析: 答案分别为选项C、B、D。这三个句子形式相近,但语法结构完全不同。例8中it作形式主语,真正的主语是that从句。例9的what is well known是主语从句,that China is a big country with a long history是表语从句。例10主要考查as的用法,as is well known是固定用法,意为“众所周知”。
例11At last we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and ______ down to eat our picnic lunch.
例12At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade,______ down to eat our picnic lunch.
A. sitting B. having sat
C. to sit D. sat
解析: 答案分别为选项D和A。按照英语的表达习惯,当没有并列连词存在时,一个句子中只能有一个主语和一个谓语。由例11中的连词and,可知应选择与found构成并列关系的动词。例12是由逗号连接的两个部分组成的一个句子,题干已经有了一个谓语found,故应选择非谓语形式的动词。解此类题目时,要特别留意标点符号及and,but,or等并列连词和when,because等从属连词的存在。
一、 正确处理“间隔现象”
通过在关键部位添加从句、介词短语、副词短语等修饰性成分或插入语,将句子的主要成分隔开的现象,在语法上被称为“间隔现象”。
1. 正确处理插入语
在句子的关键部位增加插入语,给正确理解句子增加了难度。
插入语多用作对中心话题的补充说明,与句中的其他成分没有语法上的关系,可置于句中任何位置,不影响句子的语法结构。解题时,可先去掉插入语,拎出句子主干,简化句子结构,从而更好地理解整个句子。
例1John plays football ______,if not better than, David.
A. as well B. as well as
C. so well D. so well as
解析: 答案为B。做题时,同学们一见到“if not better than” 这种较为陌生的短语,往往就觉得束手无策,其实它只是插入语。直接去掉它,再把句子主干部分的关系理顺就可以解题了。
例2—Is that the small town you often refer to?
—Right, just the one ______ you know I used to work for years.
A. that B. which
C. where D. what
解析: 答案为C。句中的you know为插入语,将其去除后,可清楚地看出the one指代前句中的the town,作定语从句I used to work for years的先行词,故用where作其引导词。
2.正确处理修饰性成分
解题时,可将修饰性成分去除或移到末尾,找出句子的主要成分了。
例3The news that Liu Xiang won the first gold medal in the final 110-meter hurdle race for China in the 28th Olympic Games ______ all the Chinese in the world.
A. excited B. was excited
C. was exciting D. had excited
解析: 答案为A。 that从句是主语the news的同位语从句,对主语进行补充说明,可暂时将其忽略。剩下的句子中已有主语、宾语,故选项应当是作谓语的。
例4It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year,______
for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.
A. that B. while
C. which D. when
解析: 答案为D。句中的for these football fans this year为修饰性成分,for the first time in years是状语提前,都可被暂时忽略。这样,句子就变得简单清楚,即选项应为an exciting moment的非限制性定语从句的引导词。
二、 把含有特殊语序的句子还原为陈述句
所谓含特殊语序的句子,指倒装句、省略句等类型(还可以包括疑问句)的句子,同学们一遇到这类句子就觉得无从下手。命题人往往利用这一点来增加题目的难度。解题时,可将句子还原为正常语序。比如疑问句和倒装句可还原为陈述句,省略句则可根据逻辑,将被省略的内容补齐,从而达到方便理解句子的目的。
例5One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and ______.
A. the other is white
B. another white
C. the other white
D. another is white
解析: 答案为C。本题可采用还原为正常语序的方法解答。根据句意,木板的一面要漆成黄色,另一面要漆成白色,可在横线处的句子的完整形式为:the other should be painted white。
例6Is this the village ______ he was born?
例7Is this villagehe was born ?
A. where B. that
C. the one that D. the one where
解析: 例6、例7两题题干之间仅一字之差,答案分别为选项A和D。若将疑问句还原成陈述句, 例6的主语、系动词和表语等句子的主要成分都是完整的,故选where引导其后的定语从句;而例7则只有主语、系动词,必须补足其表语成分,随后再跟定语从句。
三、 排除思维定势,透过现象看本质
考试中,经常会遇到与以前做过的题目形式相近、实际语法结构却截然不同的句子,同学们往往依据自己的定势思维,不假思索地写出以前的答案,造成不必要的失分。针对这一点,同学们平时应从分析句子结构入手,多比较、多练习,切勿马虎粗疏,死记硬背。
例8______ is well known that China is a big country with a long history.
例9______ is well known is that China is a big country with a long history.
例10 ______ is well known, China is a big country with a long history.
A. That B. What
C. It D. As
解析: 答案分别为选项C、B、D。这三个句子形式相近,但语法结构完全不同。例8中it作形式主语,真正的主语是that从句。例9的what is well known是主语从句,that China is a big country with a long history是表语从句。例10主要考查as的用法,as is well known是固定用法,意为“众所周知”。
例11At last we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and ______ down to eat our picnic lunch.
例12At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade,______ down to eat our picnic lunch.
A. sitting B. having sat
C. to sit D. sat
解析: 答案分别为选项D和A。按照英语的表达习惯,当没有并列连词存在时,一个句子中只能有一个主语和一个谓语。由例11中的连词and,可知应选择与found构成并列关系的动词。例12是由逗号连接的两个部分组成的一个句子,题干已经有了一个谓语found,故应选择非谓语形式的动词。解此类题目时,要特别留意标点符号及and,but,or等并列连词和when,because等从属连词的存在。